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 LATHAM LATIMER 185 vened by Paschal II. during his quarrel about investitures with the emperor Henry V. 6. Convened in March, 1167, by Alexander III., to excommunicate and depose the emperor Frederick I. Two other convocations, reck- oned as councils by some authors, were held in the Lateran respectively in 900, to annul the sentence of deposition on Aargrine, bishop of Langres, and in 993, to celebrate the first known solemn canonization, that of St. Udalric, bishop of Augsburg. LATHAM, John, an English ornithologist, born at Eltham, Kent, June 27, 1740, died in Rom- sey, Feb. 4, 1837. In 1763 he commenced the practice of physic in Dartford. He early ap- plied himself to the study of natural history, and aided Sir A. Lever in forming his museum. He became a fellow of the royal society in 1775, and was one of the founders of the Linnaean society. In 1796 he retired from practice. He is the author of a " General Synopsis of Birds " (6 vols., 1781-'5 ; 2 vols. additional, 1787-1801), and an Index Ornitliologicus (1791). A new edition of his works in 10 vols. 4to, enlarged and rearranged, with a general index, under the title of " General History of Birds," was com- menced in 1821, and completed in 1824. The plates of this, as of his former works, were exe- cuted or retouched by himself. He also wrote papers on medical science and natural history. LATHAM, Robert Gordon, an English philolo- gist and ethnologist, born at Billingborough, Lincolnshire, in 1812. He was educated at Cambridge, and subsequently took the degree of M. D. He then travelled in northern Eu- rope, and while in Norway studied the idioms of the Scandinavian tongues. Upon his return to England he published a translation of Bishop Tegner's poem, "Alexis and Frithiof " (1839); " Norway and the Norwegians " (2 vols., 1840) ; an " Abstract of Rask's Essay on the Sibilants ;" and an "Address to the Authors of England and America," the object of which was to ef- fect a modification of the existing alphabet. In 1840 he was appointed professor of English literature in University college, London, and while so engaged he published a series of works on the English language. The chief among these was his "Treatise on the English Lan- guage" (2 vols., 1841), of which a number of editions have appeared. He next gave his at- tention to ethnology, and published " Natural History of the Varieties of Mankind" (1850), and "Man and his Migrations" (1851). He has also published "Ethnology of the British Colonies" (1851), "Ethnology of Europe," "Ethnology of the British Islands," "Descrip- tive Ethnology" (2 vols., 1859), "Nationalities of Europe " (1863), and several other works. In 1853 he commenced a new edition of John- son's dictionary, the last number of which was published in 1870. He has produced an edition of the Germania of Tacitus, with notes historical and philological (1850), and has read many important papers before the British asso- ciation for the advancement of science. As a physician he has held a high position, and lec- tured on medical jurisprudence at the school of the Middlesex hospital. LATHBURY, Thomas, an English clergyman, born in 1798, died Feb. 11, 1865. He was ed- ucated at Oxford, and became incumbent of the parish of Sts. Simon and Jude, Bristol, in 1848. He wrote a " History of English Episco- pacy " (1836), " State of Popery and Jesuitism in England" (1838), " History of the Spanish Armada" (1840), "History of the Convocation of the Church of England" (1853), and "His- tory of the Book of Common Prayer " (1858). LATHROP, John Hiram, an American educator, born at Sherburne, Chenango co., N. Y., Jan. 22, 1799, died at Columbia, Mo., Aug. 2, 1866. He graduated at Yale college in 1819, and was tutor at that institution from 1822- to 1826, when he was admitted to the bar and com- menced practice at Middletown. But educa- tion was his chosen field, and after teaching at Norwich, Vt., and Kennebec, Me., he became in 1829 professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in Hamilton college, Clinton, N. Y., and in 1835 of law, history, church polity, and political economy. In 1840 he became president of Missouri state university, in 1849 first chancellor of Wisconsin university, and in 1859 president of Indiana state university, which post he resigned in 1860 and returned to Missouri university as professor of English literature. He was reflected president in 1865, and held that office till his death. His pub- lished addresses elaborately discuss questions connected with advanced education. LATHROP, Joseph, .an American clergyman, born in Norwich, Conn., Oct. 20, 1731, died in West Springfield, Mass., Dec. 31, 1820. He graduated at Yale college in 1754, and taught school at Springfield, Mass., at the same time studying theology under the direction of the Rev. Robert Breck. In August, 1756, he was ordaijied pastor of the Congregational church in West Springfield, where he preached regu- larly till 1818. He received the degree of D. D. from Yale college in 1791 and from Harvard university in 1811. In 1792 he was elected a fellow of the American academy of arts and sciences. He was often called upon to settle ecclesiastical difficulties. His publica- tions consist mainly of discourses which he had delivered from the pulpit (7 vols., with an auto- biography, 1796-1801). LATIMER, Hugh, an English bishop and re- former, born at Thurcaston, Leicestershire, about 1490, burned at the stake in Oxford, Oct. 16, 1555. The son of a farmer, he was sent to the university of Cambridge when about 14 years of age, was chosen a fellow of Clare Hall in 1509, and received the degree of M. A. in 1514. He then began the study of divinity, and obtained the baccalaureate of theology by a sharp disputation against the doctrine of Me- lanchthon, but became a Protestant about 1520, chiefly through the influence of Bilney. In 1527 he delivered a sermon in presence of the