Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VIII.djvu/89

Rh {|align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" rules="cols" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: right" coin. coin.
 * colspan="5"|
 * rowspan="3" align="center"|YEARS.
 * colspan="2" align="center"|NEW SOUTH WALES.
 * colspan="2" align="center"|VICTORIA.
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|
 * align="center"|Exclusive of
 * colspan="2"|
 * align="center"|Exclusive of
 * align="center"|Exclusive of
 * align="center"|Coin.
 * align="center"|Exclusive of
 * align="center"|Coin.
 * align="left"|1851
 * £470,836
 * £438,777
 * align="left"|1852
 * 2,660,945
 * 6,135,728
 * align="left"|1853
 * 1,781,172
 * 8,644,529
 * align="left"|1854
 * 773,209
 * 8,255,550
 * align="left"|1855
 * 209,250
 * 10,904,150
 * align="left"|1856
 * 138,007
 * £18,144
 * 11,943,458
 * align="left"|1857
 * 187,249
 * 914,199
 * 10,987,591
 * £951,856
 * align="left"|1858
 * 98,480
 * 1,411,251
 * 30,107,836
 * 605,673
 * align="left"|1859
 * 215,941
 * 1,488,833
 * 9,122,037
 * 1,304,992
 * align="left"|1860
 * 298,668
 * 1,579,920
 * 8,624,860
 * 565,430
 * align="left"|1861
 * 289,937
 * 1,720,326
 * 7,869,758
 * 1,210,828
 * align="left"|1862
 * 517,105
 * 2,467,164
 * 6,685,192
 * 918,999
 * align="left"|1863
 * 587,920
 * 1,774,134
 * 6,520,957
 * 1,169,471
 * align="left"|1864
 * 304,955
 * 2,647,516
 * 6,206,237
 * 1,029,872
 * align="left"|1865
 * 441,006
 * 2,325,844
 * 6,190,317
 * 809,269
 * align="left"|1866
 * 581,983
 * 2,815,437
 * 5,909,987
 * 961,493
 * align="left"|1867
 * 544,661
 * 2,041,383
 * 5,738,993
 * 671,936
 * align="left"|1868
 * 382,616
 * 1,771,005
 * 7,843,197
 * 507,662
 * align="left"|1869
 * 578,260
 * 2,184,612
 * 6,804,179
 * 684,819
 * align="left"|1870
 * 672,254
 * 1,206,569
 * 6,119,782
 * 577,840
 * align="left"|1871
 * 601,250
 * 1,724,088
 * 6,590,962
 * 347,513
 * align="left"|1872
 * 731,120
 * 1,656,131
 * 5,197,340
 * Total
 * £13,016,774
 * £29,746,556
 * £161,841,417
 * £12,317,653
 * colspan="5"|
 * }
 * 2,041,383
 * 5,738,993
 * 671,936
 * align="left"|1868
 * 382,616
 * 1,771,005
 * 7,843,197
 * 507,662
 * align="left"|1869
 * 578,260
 * 2,184,612
 * 6,804,179
 * 684,819
 * align="left"|1870
 * 672,254
 * 1,206,569
 * 6,119,782
 * 577,840
 * align="left"|1871
 * 601,250
 * 1,724,088
 * 6,590,962
 * 347,513
 * align="left"|1872
 * 731,120
 * 1,656,131
 * 5,197,340
 * Total
 * £13,016,774
 * £29,746,556
 * £161,841,417
 * £12,317,653
 * colspan="5"|
 * }
 * Total
 * £13,016,774
 * £29,746,556
 * £161,841,417
 * £12,317,653
 * colspan="5"|
 * }
 * £13,016,774
 * £29,746,556
 * £161,841,417
 * £12,317,653
 * colspan="5"|
 * }
 * }

The exports from New Zealand began in 1857, and to the beginning of 1872 had amounted to £24,492,149. They increased from £40,084 in 1857 to £2,897,412 in 1866, then gradually decreased till 1870, when they amounted to £2,163,910, but in 1871 increased again to £2,788,368. The accurate determination of the amount of gold produced in the United States since the discovery of this metal in California is not practicable. As J. Ross Browne, W. P. Blake, R. W. Raymond, and others have shown, neither the manifests of export, nor the mint receipts, nor the bullion shipments of the express companies, nor any direct combination of these data, will give the required amount. This is particularly the case with regard to earlier years. The following table, compiled by R. W. Raymond, United States commissioner of mining statistics, is offered as an approximate estimate, the result of careful study of numerous treatises and partial statistics, in the light of much personal observation of the principal producing districts. Down to 1862 it follows the table compiled by J. Arthur Phillips, and published in his “Gold and Silver.” From 1862 to 1866 the production of California is calculated by deducting from the express receipts of uncoined treasure at San Francisco, from “the northern and southern mines,” the receipts from Nevada, and adding 10 per cent. to the remainder, to cover amount shipped in private hands. From 1866 to 1872 inclusive the reports of the United States mining commissioner have been followed as a general authority; but as these do not separate the product of gold from that of silver, the division has been made by estimate, based on the known conditions and relations of the industry of different localities. The figures for 1873 are based on the express shipments, with arbitrary allowances for product otherwise transported. Under the head of “Other States and Territories” is included the product of gold

from Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Colorado, &c., and one third the product of the Comstock lode in Nevada, that being the average proportion of gold by value in the Comstock bullion. The values are given in United States gold coin.

1847.

Other authorities have made the production of California in recent years somewhat larger, as will appear by reference to the article .—It is estimated that about three fourths of the gold produced is used for coinage, and about one fourth in the arts. Thus, estimating the entire product of the world in 1873 at $100,000,000, it is supposed that the consumption in the arts, which has greatly increased in recent years, approximated $25,000,000. There has also been a recent increasing demand for gold for coinage, attributed to the fact that several countries which formerly used gold and silver as the double or alternate standard of value, have reformed their monetary laws, and adopted the gold standard, that metal being less variable than silver. Among the countries which have recently made this change are the United States, Germany, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, and Japan. Great Britain adopted the gold standard in 1816. France, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, and Greece still adhere to the double standard. The total gold coinage of the world from 1848 to 1872 has been stated in round numbers at £602,116,000. Of this amount France coined £259,801,000, the United States £185,579,000, England £123,608,000, and Australia £32,128,000. According to the latest report of the director of the mint, the entire gold coinage of the United States to June 30, 1873, amounted to $816,905,878, in addition to $285,358,663 manufactured into bars, making the total issue from the