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 HODGEMAN storical, and polemic theology in the Western theological seminary in Allegheny City. He has published " Outlines of Theology " (New York, 1860; translated into Welsh, 1863); "The Atonement " (1867) ; " Commentary on the Confession of Faith " (1869) ; and " Pres- byterian Doctrine briefly stated " (1869). HODGE91AN, a S. W. county of Kansas, drained by the Pawnee fork of Arkansas river ; area, 900 sq. m. ; "still unsettled. HODGES, William, an English painter, born in London about 1744, died March 6, 1797. After gaining some repute as a painter of landscapes, theatrical decorations, and archi- tectural views, he accompanied Capt. Cook on his second voyage to the South seas, furnish- ing the illustrations for his narrative. He sub- sequently went to India under the patronage of Warren Hastings, and amassed a fortune, which he lost in an attempt to establish a bank. He published an account of his travels in India, with plates. HODGKLVSON, Eaton, an English physicist, born at Anderton, near Northwich, in Cheshire, Feb. 26, 1789, died at Broughton, near Man- chester, June 18, 1861. He was intended for the church, but, possessing a great taste for me- chanics, soon determined to make it his exclu- sive study. Among the first fruits of his re- searches was the discovery that by giving to cast-iron rails and beams the form of an invert- ed T ( J. ) a gain of strength equivalent to up- ward of 40 per cent, would be secured. Con- tinuing his investigations on the properties of iron, he instituted a series of 227 experiments with reference to the strength of columns, from which he deduced formulas for solid and hol- low iron columns, which have been generally adopted and formed into tables for ready ref- erence. His published account of these re- searches procured him the gold medal and the membership of the royal society. In 1845 he was employed by Robert Stephen son to pre- pare the data for the construction of the cele- brated tubular Britannia bridge, and for these calculations received a medal at Paris in 1855. In 1847 he was appointed on the royal com- mission to inquire into the application of iron to railway structures, and added to its report memoranda of great value. His papers on the use of iron for engineering and architectural purposes, interspersed through the "Transac- tions " of the British association and other learned bodies, are of high authority. HODGSON, John E., an English painter, born in London in 1811. He is the son of a mer- chant at St. Petersburg, passed the early part of his life in his father's counting house, and subsequently studied at the royal academy in London. He spent some time in Tunis and other parts of the East, and acquired reputa- tion by humorous and genre pictures. Among these are " The Reorganization of the Army of Morocco" and "A Snake Charmer," ex- hibited in 1872. He was elected an associate of the royal academy in 1873. HOFER 753 HOEVEN, Jan Tan dcr, a Dutch naturalist, born in Rotterdam, Feb. 9, 1801, died in Leyden March 10, 1868. In 1819 he entered the uni- versity of Leyden, where he remained till 1822, studying chiefly natural philosophy and medi- cine. He began the practice of medicine in his native city, but in 1826 was appointed ex- traordinary and in 1835 ordinary professor of zoology at Leyden. His principal work is Handboelc der DierTcunde (Leyden, 1827-'33), translated into English by the Rev. W. Clark (" Handbook of Zoology," 2 vols. 8vo, Lon- don, 1856-'8.) HOF (formerly Regnitzhof ), a town of Bavaria, in the circle of Upper Franconia, on the Saale, near the N. E. boundary of the kingdom, 30 m. N. E. of Baireuth, and 150 m. N. by E. of Munich; pop. in 1871, 16,010. It has consid- erable manufactories of hosiery, woollen and cotton goods, and leather, and extensive brew- eries. It has a large transit trade, chiefly by railway. In 1823 it was almost entirely de- stroyed by fire. HOFER, Andreas, a Tyrolese patriot, born Nov. 22, 1767, in a tavern at St. Leonard's in the Passeyr valley, called the Sand house (whence his popular name of the Sandwirth, or Sand Landlord), shot at Mantua, Feb. 20, 1810. He was known as a wine dealer and horse drover between Tyrol and the north of Italy. In 1796 he led a company of riflemen against the French on Lake Garda, and in 1803 organized the rural militia. In 1805 he was made a mem- ber of the deputation to which was committed the political direction of the country. Short- ly after Tyrol was taken from Austria by the treaty of Presburg, and given to Bavaria. In January, 1809, when the disaffection toward Bavaria had become extreme and hostilities were on the point of breaking out between France and Austria, Hofer was one of the secret envoys who went to Vienna to confer with the archduke John on the subject of their national grievances. The archduke advised a rising in Tyrol, and the baron von Hormayr was early in 1 809 charged to carry it out. The preparations were skilfully concerted, and in a few days the whole Tyrol was in arms, and 8,000 French and Bavarian troops were taken prisoners at Hall and Innspruck, and in Ster- zing, where Hofer commanded. The Tyrolese were supported by 10,000 Austrians, but Ba- varia sent 25,000 troops to quell the revolt. While the latter were toiling through narrow valleys, Hofer fell upon them, and on April 10 defeated Bisson and Lemoine in the moors of Sterzing. Within a week the whole province was free, and nearly 10,000 French and Bava- rian troops were destroyed. Napoleon now sent into Tyrol three armies, one of which, commanded by Marshal Lefebvre, defeated Chasteler's Austrians at Worgl, and the Tyrol- ese at Feuer-Singer. Hofer soon rallied his countrymen, and defeated the Bavarians with great loss at Innspruck. But Napoleon's vic- tory at Wagram (July 6, 1809) resulted in a