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 750 HOBBY HOBOKEN evil have no absolute character, but mean simply personal pleasure or pain, and the highest motives of life must be to attain the one and avoid the other. Moreover, as man does not determine for himself the conditions of pleasure and pain, he is absolutely subject to circumstances and the creature of necessity. Hence results the political theory of Hobbes. Nature gives to every man the right to seek his own happiness, the highest end of being, at whatever expense to his fellow men. The state of nature, therefore, is a state of warfare among men, each seeking to advance only his own interests, and being therefore in hostile collision with every other. Experience, how- ever, proves a state of universal warfare to be one of universal suffering, and reason there- fore dictates the institution of government and other social institutions to be the antagonist of man's natural selfishness. The state should be sufficiently mighty to coerce the will of the individual, and its perfect form is an absolute monarchy, to which should be given supreme control over everything connected with law, morals, and religion. In respect of style Hobbes is one of the best English authors. The most complete edition of his English and Latin works is that prepared by Sir William Molesworth (16 vols., London, 1839-'45). HOBBY, a falcon of the genus hypotriorckis (Boie). This genus differs from falco (Linn.) Hobby (Hypotriorchis subbuteo). in having longer and more slender tarsi, covered in front with large hexagonal scales, and very long and slender toes. The species of this genus, to which the American pigeon hawk (H. columbarius, Linn.) belongs, prefer wooded and cultivated places, and are generally migra- tory ; they fly with great rapidity and for a long time, pursuing the swift migratory birds. The common hobby (H. sublutco, Linn.) re- sembles the peregrine falcon in appearance, but is smaller, being only 12 in. long, with an ex- panse of wings of 26 in., the female being 2 in. longer and wider. HOBHOFSE, John Cam, Lord Broughton, an English author, born June 27, 1786, died in London, June 3, 1869. At the university of Cambridge, where he graduated % in 1808, he contracted an intimacy with Lord Byron, with whom in 1809 he travelled over southern Eu- rope, and subsequently in Switzerland and Italy. After his return to England appeared his "Journey through Albania and other Prov- inces of Turkey with Lord Byron" (4to, 1812), which was highly commended ; and in 1818 "Illustrations of the Fourth Canto of Childe Harold." In 1819, in consequence of the publication of a pamphlet which contained a severe attack on the house of commons, he was imprisoned in Newgate on a charge of having committed a breach of privilege ; but the electors of Westminster returned him to parliament after a memorable contest. In 1831 he entered the cabinet of Earl Grey as secretary at war. In 1833 he was made sec- retary of state for Ireland, and he was presi- dent of the board of control from 1835 to 1841, and from 1846 to 1852. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Broughton of Broughton Gif- ford in Wiltshire, Feb. 26, 1851. His "Italy" was published in 1859. He was one of the originators of the " Westminster Review." HOBOKEN, a city of Hudson co., New Jersey, on the Hudson river, opposite New York, with which it is connected by two steam ferries, and at the terminus of the Morris and Essex division of the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western railroad; pop. in 1850, 2,668; in 1860, 9,662 ; in 1870, 20,297, of whom 10,- 334 were foreigners. It joins Jersey City on the south, with which and with the adjoining places it is connected by horse cars, and ex- tends about If m. N. and S., and 1 m. E. and W. It is regularly laid out, a portion of the streets running nearly parallel with the river, and the others crossing them at right angles, and is for the most part compactly built. There are three public squares, viz. : Hudson square, near the river; the " Public " square, near the centre of the city ; and a smaller one in the S. part. The river frontage is only about m., the N. portion of the city being separated from the Hudson by a narrow strip of land which was set off to Weehawken in 1859. At the S. end of this strip is Castle point, commanding a fine view of the river and New York harbor, and containing the Stevens mansion and grounds ; and N. of the point are the " Elysian Fields," formerly a favorite place of resort for New Yorkers, but now mostly sold for business purposes. From just below the point to a short distance above a walk has been constructed along the margin of the Hud- son, which forms a magnificent promenade. The river front is lined with wharves, and here are two United States bonded ware- houses, and the termini of four lines of steam- ers to Europe, viz. : to Bremen, to Hamburg (two), and to Stettin. Hoboken is included in the New York customs district. The residents