Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VIII.djvu/762

 HIRPm HISTOLOGY may be stated thus : he must deliver it in good condition for the intended and agreed or cus- tomary use, and keep it in good order, or pay the hirer his reasonable expense for so keeping it, as for example a carriage and horses hired for a journey; he must not interfere with the hirer's lawful and reasonable use of it; but if the hirer makes of it a use which he has no right to make, the owner may peaceably repossess himself of it, or have his appropriate action ; and if the hirer refuses it, the owner may re- cover damages, although he repossess himself of the thing. The right and obligations of the hirer may be thus stated : he may use it in the intended and agreed or customary way, and must not use it in any other way ; he must not abuse or injure it in any way, must surrender it at the time agreed upon, or if no time be agreed on, then whenever, within a reasonable time, it is demanded by the owner ; and he is bound to pay the agreed price, or, if none was agreed, a customary and reasonable price. Nearly all, or indeed all, these particulars are open to the agreement of the parties, if they choose to provide expressly for them. HIRPINI, an ancient people of Italy, of Sam- nite race, whose name is said to come from the Sabine word hirpus, a wolf. They dwelt in the southern part of Samnium, W. of Apulia, K of Lucania, and E. of Campania. At the time of the second Punic war they were indepen- dent of the Samnites. They took up arms against Eome during the social war. Their chief places were ^Eculanum and Aquilonia. HIRSCHBERG, a town of Prussia, in the prov- ince of Silesia, at the entrance of the Zacken into the Bober, 30 m. S. W. of Liegnitz ; pop. in 1871, 11,773. It consists of the town proper, surrounded by walls with three gates, and three suburbs. It has a Protestant and three Cath- olic churches, a gymnasium, a female high school, a mechanics' institution, a chamber of commerce, and* a garrison. It is the centre of the linen industry of Silesia, and has also manufactories of cloth, veils, chinaware, ma- chines, and paper, bleaching grounds, and dye works. A considerable trade is carried on in linen and veils. The Hausberg, Cavalierberg, Helicon, and Sattler are eminences near Hirsch- berg, with beautiful pleasure grounds. HIRST, Henry B., an American poet, born in Philadelphia, Aug. 23, 1813, died there, March 30, 1874. He was admitted to the bar of his native city in 1843, his youth having been spent in the study of law, frequently inter- rupted by mercantile duties. He published " The Coming of the Mammoth, the Funeral of Time, and other Poems " (Boston, 1845) ; " En- dymion, a Tale of Greece" (1848) ; and " The Penance of Eoland, and other Poems" (1849). HIRTIUS, Aulus, a Roman statesman, born about 90 B. C., fell in battle near Mutina (Mo- dcna) in 43. He was a friend of Julius Caesar, under whom he served as legate in Gaul (58), and one of the 10 praetors nominated by him for the year 46. During Coasar's absence in Africa he lived principally at his Tusculan es- tate, which was contiguous to the villa of Cice- ro, who was his personal friend, although op- posed to him in politics. In 44 he received Belgic Gaul as his province, but governed it through a deputy, remaining in the capital in continued intimacy with Caesar, who nomi- nated him, together with Vibius Pansa, as con- sul for the next year. After Caesar's assassina- tion he retired to the country. Though not fully recovered from a dangerous illness, and politically undecided, he entered upon his du- ties as consul, Jan. 1, 43. He finally declared against Antony, and was sent at the head of an army to join Octavius, and relieve Deciua Brutus, then besieged by Antony in Mutina. He fell while leading his victorious troops to an assault. He has been supposed to have written the eighth book of Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic war, and the histories of his Alex- andrian and African campaigns ; but the author- ship of all these is also claimed for Oppius. HISPMIA. See SPAIN. HISPA2MOLA. See HAYTI. HISTIJ1A, or Oreus, an ancient city of Euboea, on the river Callas, at the foot of Mt. Telethri- um. It ranked among the oldest and most im- portant of the Eubcean cities. Occupied by the Persians after the battle of Artemisium (480 B. C.), it afterward successively became subject to the Athenians (who, in consequence of a revolt in 445 B. C., displaced its inhabi- tants for Attic colonists, and changed its name to Oreus) and to the Spartans. During the wars of Alexander's successors, and those of the Romans and Macedonians, Oreus was a place of great strategic importance. HISTOLOGY (Gr. 2<rrof, a web, and Uyo$, a dis- course), the science which describes the ana- tomical elements and tissues of the body, ac- cording to their form and organization. If we take any organ of the body, such as a muscle or a nerve, and subject it to minute dissection, we find that it can be divided into smaller and smaller portions, by simply separating from each other the various parts of which it was com- posed. Thus a muscle is distinctly fibrous in appearance to the naked eye, being formed of parallel bundles which may be successively sep- arated from each other in dissection, by remov- ing the intervening material. But the possibil- ity of thus dividing an organ into smaller and smaller parts, similar to each other, has its lim- its ; for, after it has been carried to a consider- able extent and the parts are reduced to micro- scopic size, we then come in every instance to certain definite anatomical forms, which can no longer be divided in the above manner. They can still of course be divided or disintegrated by mechanical means ; but this will be no lon- ger a separation into similar parts already dis- tinct from each other, but simply an artificial mutilation of its substance. Such a definite form, to which the organ is reduced in its mi- nutest natural subdivision, is called an anatom- ical element. It is readily distinguished, as a