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 HIND lis sentence, which Hincmar caused to be executed in presence of the king, excited much indignation. The most illustrious prelates of Gaul and Germany blamed its severity, and condemned both Hincmar and Rabanus Mau- rus, archbishop of Mentz, for falling them- selves into a doctrinal error on the very mat- ter of predestination on which they had con- demned Godescalchus. A doctrinal exposi- tion drawn up by Hincmar, and approved in 853 by a second council held at Quierzy, was censured by the archbishop of Lyons, and by the council of Valence in January, 855, Hinc- mar himself being present. In 852 he ob- tained a decree from the council of Soissons for ever excluding from preferment all per- sons ordained by Ebbonius. Among these was Wulfadius, elected in that year archbishop of Bourges. This decree and its execution by Hincmar were openly censured by Pope Leo IV. and annulled in 866 by Nicholas I. This pontiff also cancelled the sentence of two councils held by Hincmar at Soissons deposing Eothrad, bishop of that city, and condemning him to perpetual reclusion. In 864, however, Hincmar having refused to give episcopal con- secration to an unworthy favorite of the king, the pope sustained his action. In 869 Hinc- mar made a vigorous opposition to Adrian II., when that pope interfered to prevent Charles the Bald from taking possession of Lorraine, after the death of the younger Lothaire. To the orders and menaces of the pope Hincmar replied by denying hi s right of intervention. In 871 Hincmar presided at the council of Douzy, which sentenced his nephew Hincmar, bishop of Laon, to deposition and imprisonment. No appeal to Rome was permitted ; and two years afterward the prisoner's eyes were put out with a red-hot iron. Hincmar showed much courage in reproving the royal officers for their oppressive conduct, and reproached the king himself with conniving at their excesses. In 882 one of his last acts was to oppose Louis III. in his wish to have his favorite Odoacer consecrated bishop of Beauvais. On the ad- vance of the Normans toward Rheims, Hinc- mar, taking with him the shrine and body of St. Remi, fled to Epernay, where he died. He did much for the welfare of the people, sup- pressed abuses and immorality, completed the cathedral of Rheims, founded there two fa- mous schools, endowed their professorships, and established a public library. Sirmond pub- lished a complete edition of Hincmar's works (2 vols. fol., Paris, 1645). See Flodoard's Historia Ecclesice Rhemensis (2 vols., Rheims, 1854, with French translation); Noorden's mirikmar, Erzbischof von Rheims (Bonn, 1863) ; and J. C. Prichard's "Life and Times of Hinc- mar, Archbishop of Rheims" (London, 1849). HIM), John Russell, an English astronomer, born in Nottingham, May 12, 1823. He was educated for a tradesman, but in 1840 entered the office of a civil engineer in London. Through the influence of Prof. Wheatstone he obtained HINDOO KOOSH 737 a situation the same year in the royal observa- tory at Greenwich, where he remained about four years. After a short stay in Ireland, where he was sent on the commission to de- termine the exact longitude of Valentia, he was appointed, at the recommendation of Prof. Airy, astronomer royal, to a post in the ob- servatory of Mr. Bishop, in Regent's park, London. He began here in 1845 a series of observations, during the course of which he calculated the orbits and declinations of more than 70 planets and comets, noted 16 new movable stars and 3 nebulae, and discovered 10 new asteroids. In July, 1846, he discovered a comet, which had been observed by De Vico two hours before at Rome ; and early in 1847 another comet, which at its perihelion passage, March 24, was bright enough to be seen in the strong morning twilight. In April, 1848, he made a very remarkable discovery of a new reddish yellow variable star of the 5th magni- tude in Ophiuchus. In 1850 this star was only of the llth magnitude, and it was calculated that it would soon disappear altogether. The asteroids discovered by Mr. Hind are as fol- lows: Iris, Aug. 13, 1847; Flora, Oct. 18, 1847; Victoria, Sept. 13, 1850; Irene, May 19, 1851; Melpomene, June 24, 1852; For- tuna, Aug. 22, 1852; Calliope, Nov. 16, 1852; Thalia, Dec. 15, 1852; Euterpe, Nov. 8, 1853; Urania, July 22, 1854. In December, 1844, he was elected a member of the astronomical society of London, and was afterward ap- pointed its foreign secretary. He has re- ceived many other honors at home and abroad, and since 1852 has had a pension of 200 from the government. He is the director of the "Nautical Almanac" of England. His wri- tings have generally been published in the " Transactions " of the royal astronomical so- ciety of London, in the Astronomische Nach- richten of Altona, and in the Comtes Rendus of the academy of sciences of Paris. He is also the author of " An Astronomical Vocabulary " (1852); "The Comets" (1852); "The Solar System, a Descriptive Treatise upon the Sun, Moon, and Planets, including an Account of all the Recent Discoveries" (1852); "Illus- trated London Astronomy, for the Use of Schools and Students " (1853) ; " Elements of Algebra" (1855); and "Descriptive Treatise on Comets" (1859). 1IIM)00 ROOSH (Pers. Hindu Kuh, Indian mountain), a range of mountains in central Asia, which was known to the ancients as the Indian Caucasus. Although the name more strictly belongs to the lofty snow-clad summit, upward of 20,000 ft. in height, which rises directly N. of the Cabool valley, it is applied to the entire mountain tract extending from the southern portion of the elevated table land of Pamir, in about lat. 37 N., Ion. 73 E., to the region near Ion. 68 immediately W. of the city of Cabool. It separates the Punjaub and Afghan- istan on the south from Badakhshan and Koon- dooz on the north. The least elevation of the