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 IIESPEPJDES ligli authority in theological matters, and phi- losophers sought by various interpretations to make it harmonize with their own theories. Another poem attributed to Hesiod was the Heroines" ('HoZ<w), giving accounts of the foinen who by their connection with the gods lad become the mothers of the most illustrious leroes, and containing a description of the lield of Hercules, which is all of it that is till extant. Several other Hesiodic poems are itioned by the ancients. The best com- pete edition is that of Gottling (8vo, Gotha d Erfurt, 1843) ; and the scholia on him the Neo-Platonist Proclus, and others, are ntained in Gaisford's Poetce Greed Minores, rol. iii. The "Works and Days" was trans- 3d into English by George Chapman (Lon- i, 1618). A poetical translation was made 0. A. Elton (London, 1810), and a prose version by the Rev. J. Banks, in Bonn's " Clas- lical Library " (London, 1856). See also Hesio- li Scutum Herculis, edited by Van Lennep Lmsterdam, 1854) ; Theogonia, by Gerhard Berlin, 1856) ; Flach, Die Hesiodische Theogo- '&, with Prolegomena (1873) ; and an English lition by James Davies (Edinburgh, 1873). HESPERIDES, in Grecian mythology, the guardians of the golden apples which Terra ive to Juno as a wedding gift. Sometimes iey are called the daughters of Erebus and fight, sometimes of Atlas and Hesperis, some- imes of Jupiter and Themis. Some traditions them three, others four, and others seven, ley were commonly set down at four, whose imes were ^Egle, Erythia, Hestia, and Are- msa. Their gardens were originally placed t the remote west, about Libya and Mt. itlas, but later mythologists placed them in ]yrenaica, and some even in the extreme north nong the Hyperboreans. Their duty was to guard the apples which Juno had committed to their care, but Hercules obtained them by the assistance of Atlas. HESS, Karl Adolph Heinrich, a German artist, >rn in Dresden in 1769, died at Wilhelmsdorf, ir Vienna, July 3, 1849. He had much jputation as a painter of horses. His most lous work is the large painting, " The rch of the Cossacks of the Ural through >hemia," exhibited in 1799. He published tudienblatter fur Pferdeliebhaber, the plates )r which were etched by himself (1807), ferdewerk (in 12 parts, 1807), and Pferde- pfe (horses' heads), lithographed in natural (Vienna, 1825). HESS. I. Karl Ernst Christoph, a German en- raver, born in Darmstadt in 1755, died July 1828. He first made himself known by )me plates after pictures by Rembrandt in the llery at Dtisseldorf, and subsequently en- | aved a large portion of the gallery for a pic- j >rial work. In 1782 he was appointed en- I iver to the court at Munich, and in 1806 he { ime professor at the academy of arts there. Peter von, a painter, eldest son of the pre- ling, born in Dtisseldorf, July 29, 1792, died HESSE 705 April 5, 1871. In 1813-'15 he participated in the most considerable actions against the French, and made sketches on the spot. These he afterward embodied in a series of battle pieces, of which the "Battle of Arcis-sur- Aube," the " Capture of a French Village by Cossacks," the " Bivouac of Austrian Troops," and the " Battle of Leipsic," are good speci- mens. He has been called the Horace Vernet I of Germany. III. Heinrich yon, a historical painter, brother of the preceding, born in Dtis- seldorf, April 19, 1798, died March 29, 1863. He prepared the cartoons for the decoration of the church of All Saints in Munich, in which the progress of Christianity is unfolded. He also painted for the basilica of St. Boniface in the same city 64 compositions in fresco, with figures of colossal size, illustrating the life of that saint. HESSE (Ger. Hesseri). I. Or Hessia, a terri- tory of Germany, inhabited in the time of the Roman empire by the Catti, an old Germanic tribe. Germanicus is said to have destroyed their principal town, Mattium, which stood on the site of the present villages of Grossmaden and Kleinmaden, near Gudensberg. Under the early German emperors Hesse was gov- erned by counts. The principal of these were the counts of Gudensberg of the name of Geiso. By the marriage of the heiress of the last count of Gudensberg, Geiso IV., with the landgrave Louis I. of Thuringia, this prince became sovereign of Hesse (about 1130). Till about the middle of the 13th century the his- tory of Hesse was identical with that of Thu- ringia ; but the landgrave Henry Raspe dying without issue in 1247, his niece Sophia, the daughter of the landgrave Louis the Pious and the wife of Henry, duke of Brabant, claimed Hesse as well as Thuringia; and after a war of succession with her cousin, the margrave Henry the Illustrious of Misnia, she was put in possession of Hesse by treaty in 1263. So- phia's son, Henry I. the Child, became the progenitor of the dynasty of Hesse, and took up his residence at Cassel. Philip I. the Magnanimous, who succeeded his father Wil- liam in his sovereignty of the whole country in 1509, and who was the first to introduce the reformation, divided his dominions among his four sons (1567). The eldest, William IV., obtained one half, including the capital Cas- sel ; Louis IV. one fourth, comprising Mar- burg; Philip II. one eighth, with Rheinfels; and George I. also one eighth, with Darm- stadt. But Philip II. dying in 1583, and Louis IV. in 1604, without children, there remained only the two main branches of Hesse-Cassel and Hesse-Darmstadt, the former of which ceased to be a reigning family in 1866, when its territory was annexed to Prussia. It will become extinct with the death of the last elector of Hesse-Cassel. (See HESSE-CASSEL.) Among the side branches of the Hessian dy- nasty are the landgraves of Hesse-Phil ippsthal and Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld. II. Former-