Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VIII.djvu/619

 HEDGE HEDGE, Frederick Henry, an American oler- man, born in Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 12, 805. His father was for a long time profes- r of logic and metaphysics in Harvard col- In 1818 the son accompanied Mr. George ancroft to Germany, and there studied at II- d and Schulpforte. In 1823 he returned to merica, and in 1825 graduated at Harvard liege. After three years of study in the theo- ical school, he entered the ministry in 1828, "d was settled in the Congregational church at West Cambridge. He became pastor of the Unitarian church in Bangor, Me., in 1835, of 41 e Westminster church in Providence, E. I., 1850, and of the first Congregational church Brookline, Mass., in 1856. In 1847-'8 he "e the tour of Europe, revisiting Germany, spending a winter in Italy. In 1852 he ived from Harvard college the degree of D., and in 1857 was chosen professor of ec- iastical history in the theological school jn bridge. In the same year he took charge the " Christian Examiner," then the organ the Unitarian body. In 1859 he was made resident of the American Unitarian associa- tion. In the same year he was chosen by the Germans of Boston to deliver an oration on the centennial anniversary of Schiller's birth (Nov. 0). In 1866 he gave at the annual commence- int of Harvard college an address to the nini, in which he advocated changes in the system of study which have since been partially adopted by the government of that university. 1872 he was appointed professor of German Harvard, an office which he still holds (1874). s largest work is the " Prose Writers of Ger- y" (8vo, Philadelphia, 1848), in which ex- ts from 28 authors, from Luther to Cha- isso, are given, each series preceded by a care- 1 original sketch of the author and estimate his genius and influence. A large portion the extracts were translated for the work iy the compiler. Dr. Hedge has also published dons of many of the minor poems of emi- t German writers, especially Schiller and the. In 1853, in connection with the Rev. . Huntington of Boston, he published a vol- le of hymns, many of the best of which are is own compositions and translations. In the .e year also appeared his "Liturgy for the se of the Church." In 1865 he published Reason in Religion," a collection of essays the philosophy of religion, which has passed rough several editions. In 1870 appeared " Primeval World of Hebrew Tradition," which a German translation was published Berlin in 1873. He has also published many mons, orations, and reviews. HEDGEHOG, an insectivorous mammal, of the us erinaceus (Linn.). The teeth are 36 in mber, but have been differently divided by legists. F. Cuvier gives the following : in- ors -f-if, canines none, false molars fzf , and true molars |~f- ; according to Owen, they are developed as incisors fzf, premolars |cf, and molars f~f . The central incisors of the upper HEDGEHOG 605 jaw are separated from each other, those of the lower nearly touching ; behind the first up- per incisor on each side are two small single- rooted teeth, resembling false molars, but evi- dently incisors from their development in the intermaxillary bone ; after these, and separated from them by a small interval, are three false molars, the first the largest ; then the four true molars, the second the largest, the fourth very small, and all tuberculated ; in the lower jaw, after the single incisor of each side, are three small single-pointed and single-rooted teeth re- sembling false molars, and after these, with a short interval, four molars, the second and third the largest ; the crowns of the teeth lock into each other, as in other animals preying chiefly on insects. When full grown, the com- mon hedgehog (E. Europcem, Linn.) is about 9 in. long, of a heavy form, short limbs, and slow plantigrade motion ; the upper part of the body is covered with sharp prickles, about an inch long, arranged in clusters, divergent and Hedgehog (Erinaceus Europaeus). crossing each other, of a brownish black with a white point ; the head is clothed with harsh brownish hairs, and the under parts of the body with a dirty white fur ; the ears and tail are short ; the paws, end of nose, and tail are nearly naked ; the eyes are prominent, and the opening of the ears may be closed by a valvu- lar arrangement of the cartilages ; the nose is considerably longer than the jaws, and fringed at the end ; the lips are entire, and there are no cheek pouches ; the five toes are armed with long nails, the middle the longest, suitable for digging ; the soles are covered with naked tu- bercles, possessing an exquisite sense of touch ; the mammae are ten, six pectoral and four ven- tral. By means of the development of the pan- niculus camosus muscle, belonging entirely to the skin, the animal is able to roll itself into a ball, and preserve this attitude as long as it pleases without much effort, presenting to its enemies a thorny mass which the most vora- cious and powerful dare not attack. The hedge- hog is nocturnal, concealing itself during the day in burrows or natural holes, coming out at