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 HAYES HAYM 545 ejecting the source of supply. He had proved hat a copper strip or wire, passing vertically through two masses of water of slightly unlike somposition, would become polarized, and ex- libit electrolytic action. This mode of testing he exact limits of the impure water was ap- plied under his direction, and it was shown lat a compound affording sulphur when de- )mposed could he detected by its action on le strip to form a black sulphide, and the limits of the existence of this compound were iad on the surface of the strip of copper, or silvered copper. A large number of observa- tions on this and other masses of water have proved the high practical value of the applica- m, and demonstrated the presence of a ream of naturally pure water, nearly 20 ft. leep, flowing over impure water without con- amination. After the outbreak of the civil rar, Dr. Hayes called public attention to the mcertainty of the foreign supply of saltpetre, md the necessity of domestic production. His forts resulted in the manufacture of the sup- ply for the navy from caustic potash and nitrate >f soda, by a novel process, the product being great purity. After spending two years in irope, to restore his impaired health, study- ig various phenomena of chemical geology, he eturned to the United States, and for the last jw years has withdrawn from active life. HAYES, Isaae Israel, an American explorer, >rn in Chester co., Pa., March 5, 1832. He ras educated in Philadelphia, graduated M. D. the university of Pennsylvania in April, 1853, id in May was appointed surgeon of the sec- id Grinnell expedition to the Arctic ocean, ider command of Dr. Kane, which he ac- ipanied, returning with it in 1855. Some jminiscences of this expedition are given in lis "Arctic Boat Journey" (Boston, 1860). Te was convinced that there was an open sea >und the north pole, and presented his views the American geographical and statistical jiety in December, 1857, and during the en- suing winter in lectures on arctic explora- ms delivered in different parts of the coun- JT, especially at the Smithsonian institution Washington. Subscriptions in aid of an exploring expedition were collected by scien- ific and other societies in America and Eu- )pe, and with this aid he was enabled to fit )ut the schooner United States, of 133 tons, which he sailed from Boston, July 9, 1860, rith a company of 14 persons besides himself, [e reached Upernavik, Greenland, Aug. 12, itered Melville bay on the 23d, and, after 3ing twice driven back by the violence of the T ind and floating floes of ice, anchored in 'ort Foulke on the "W. coast of Greenland, in lat. 78 17', Sept. 9. He explored the glacier system of Greenland, and after wintering in Port Foulke set out April 4, 1861, upon a boat and sledge journey across and up the sound. The party of 12 men and 14 dogs found it im- practicable to drag the boat over the hum- mocks of ice, and sending it back, Dr. Hayes pressed onward with three companions and two dog sledges. They reached the W. coast of the sound May 10, and travelled north until the 1.8th. Their provisions being exhausted, they were obliged to return, having reached land in lat. 81 37' N., beyond which they saw open water. The schooner was broken out of the ice July 10, and returned to Boston Oct. 23. In this expedition Dr. Hayes dis- covered a new sound or channel opening west- ward from the centre of Smith sound. He found the portion of Kennedy channel which Morton had reported to be open in June, 1854, frozen over May 23, 1861, and the W. coast of the channel heaped with great masses of ice. Before his return home civil war had begun, during which he served as a surgeon in the U. S. army. He published an account of the expedition under the title of " The Open Polar Sea " (Boston, 1867), and received for his dis- coveries a gold medal from the royal geographi- cal society of London, and another in 1868 from the geographical society of Paris. In 1869 he sailed in the steamer Panther in com- pany with the artist William Bradford, explo- ring the southern coasts of Greenland, and pub- lished " The Land of Desolation " (New York, 1872). He has also published " Cast away in the Cold," a story (Boston, 1868). He is now (1874) preparing a history of maritime discov- ery, and still entertains the project of reaching the north pole by way of Smith sound. HAYLEY, William, an English author, born in Chichester in 1745, died in Felpham, Nov. 20, 1820. He was educated at Eton and Cam- bridge, and- studied law, but being rich devoted himself to literature. In 1792 he made the ac- quaintance of Cowper, whose life he afterward wrote (1802). His "Triumphs of Temper," a poem in six cantos (1781), was perhaps the most popular of his poetical works. Among his other writings are an "Essay on Painting" (1778), "Essay on History "(1781), "Essay on Old Maids" (1785), and the "Life and Poetical Works of Milton " (1794). HAYM, Rudolf, a German author, born at Grtinberg, Silesia, Oct. 5, 1821. After having studied in Halle and Berlin, he became a teacher ; but the Prussian government refusing to license him as a professor, he turned his at- tention to journalism and politics, was in 1848 elected to the Frankfort parliament, and pub- lished Die deutsche Nationalversammlung (3 vols., Berlin, 1848-'50). In 1850 he edited the Constitutionelle Zeitung in Berlin; _ but being expelled from that city for having given umbrage to the authorities, he went to Halle, where he obtained a diploma, and in 1851 be- gan to lecture on philosophy and modern Ger- man literature, and eventually obtained a pro- fessorship. He edited the Prevssische Jahr- Mcher from 1858 to 1864, wrote for Ersch and Gruber's cyclopeedia, and has published Wil- Jielm von HuniboUt (Berlin, 1856), Hegel uml seine Zeit (1857), Arthur Schopenhauer (1864), and Die Romantische ScMle (1870).