Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VIII.djvu/547

 HAWK MOTH cemented by gummy matter, within which they are transformed into chrysalids ; these are of a shining bay color, having the edges of the abdominal segments armed with rows of short teeth, by means of which they work out of the cocoon and out of the hole in the wood. HAWKS 533 Larva and Chrysalis of Sphinx quinquemaculatus. The caterpillars of the glaucopidians are slen- der, with a few scattered hairs or tufts ; they eat the leaves of plants, and undergo trans- formation in cocoons of coarse silk ; the chrys- alids are round at one end, tapering at the other, without teeth on the surface; they much resemble the nocturnal moths. The po- tato worm, or larva of the sphinx quinquema- culatus, with oblique whitish stripes on the sides, grows to a length of 3 or 4 in. and the thickness of the finger ; it attains its full size toward the end of August, and often injures the plant by devouring the leaves ; crawling into the ground, it remains a chrysalis du- ring the winter, and in the following summer comes out a large moth, measuring 5 in. across the wings; the color is gray, with blackish lines and bands, and five round orange spots encircled with black on each side of the body ; the tongue, which when not in use is coiled like a watch spring, may be unrolled to a length of 5 or 6 in. The elm is infested with a pale green caterpillar, about 3| in. long, with seven oblique white lines on each side, a row of little notches on the back, and four short notched horns on the shoulders ; this is the larva of a sphinx (ceratomia quadricornis, Har- ris), and sometimes commits considerable mis- chief during July and August ; these larva pass the winter in the earth, and come out in the following June large moths, with an ex- panse of wings of nearly 5 in. ; the color is light brown, varied with darker and with white, with five longitudinal dark brown lines on the hind part of the body. This caterpillar is easily caught in the morning during the sea- son of maturity. Grape and other vines are attacked by the larvae of the satellitia and achemon hawk moths, the moth of the former being of a light olive color and expanding 4 or 5 in., and of the latter reddish ash, with brown patches on the thorax and anterior wings, and expanding 3 or 4 in. For details on other sphinxes injurious to vegetation, see the work of Dr. T. W. Harris, " On Insects Injurious to Vegetation." The sphinx caterpillars, being of large size and full of juices, are commonly chosen by the ichneumon flies as the nidus in which to deposit their eggs, the larvro from which, feeding on the substance of the cat- erpillar, and frequently spinning their cocoons in great numberston the outside, so reduce it that^the metamorphoses do not take place; multitudes are destroyed in this way. Ash trees and cucurbitaceous vines suffer much from the boring larvsB of segerians; the former from the trocJiilium dentatum (Harris), of a brown color, with yellow markings, expanding about 1 in. ; the latter from the cegeria cu- curMtce (Harris), with an orange-colored body spotted with black, and with its fore wings ex- panding about 1 in. Peach and cherry trees throughout the United States have of late years been infested with a naked whitish borer, the cegeria [T.] exitiosa (Say); the perfect in- sect is a slender dark blue moth, the males being much the smaller, and differing consid- erably in marking from the females. For an account of these insects, and the best ways of preventing their ravages, see Dr. Harris's pa- pers in vols. v. and ix. of the " New England Farmer." The glaucopidian moth (procris Americana) is in some years very injurious to vines, stripping off the leaves in mid- summer. Its wings are very narrow, ex- panding about an inch ; the color is blue black, with a saffron collar ; the caterpillars are yel- lowish, with black velvety tufts on each ring, and a few hairs on the end of the body. They are about half an inch long, gre- garious, and rather sluggish in their motions ; in the southern states several broods are hatched in a season. For a full account see "Hovey's Magazine" for June, 1844. Many species of all these sections are found in Eu- rope, where their habits have been carefully observed. HAWKS, Francis Lister, an American clergy- man, born in New Berne, N. C., June 10, 1798, died in New York, Sept. 26, 1866. He grad- uated at the university of North Carolina in 1815, studied law and practised with great suc- cess for several years, and was elected to the legislature. He resolved however to enter tho ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church, and was ordained in 1887. He officiated for a time as assistant minister in New Haven, and in St. James's church, Philadelphia, and in 1830 was chosen professor of divinity in Washington (now ^Egeria exitiosa.