Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VIII.djvu/546

 532 HAWKINS HAWK MOTH ing that place he was attacked by the Spanish fleet in the bay of San Juan de Ulua, Mexico, and escaped with but two vessels, with which he made his way to England, arriving in Jan- uary, 1568. This loss seems to have disheart- ened him, and he made no more commercial voyages. In 1573 Elizabeth appointed him treasurer of the navy. He served in 1588 as rear admiral against the Spanish armada, and was knighted for his services. In 1590 he was sent with Sir Martin Frobisher to intercept the Plate fleet, and to harass the trade of Spain, but was successful only in the latter object. In 1595 he commanded, in conjunction with Drake, an expedition against the Spanish pos- sessions in the West Indies. The two com- manders quarrelled and separated, the attacks upon Dominica and Porto Rico were repulsed, and Hawkins died at sea. He was an able sea- man, but rude, cunning, and avaricious. He was twice returned as member of parliament for Plymouth, and once also for another place. He founded at Chatham a hospital for seamen. HAWKINS, Sir John, an English author, born in London in March, 1719, died May 21, 1789. He was articled to an attorney, but devoted his leisure to literature and the cultivation of mu- sic. He subsequently acquired a large fortune in the practice of his profession, and by legacies and marriage. In 1741 he joined the madrigal society, and soon after gained considerable rep- utation by the publication of several sets of madrigals, for which he furnished the words. In 1749 he was admitted a member of Dr. Johnson's club. About 1760 he began to col- lect materials for a history of music, which after 16 years of labor was published in 5 vols. 4to, under the title of " General History of the Science and Practice of Music." It suffered somewhat in competition with Dr. Burney's history, published about the same time ; but the value of the information which it contains is beyond all question, and it fairly supplies in learning what it lacks in elegance of style. A new edition, with an index, was published in 1853 (2 vols. 4to, London). The library which he had accumulated in the preparation of this work he presented to the British museum. He also published an edition of Walton's " Com- plete Angler," and a memoir of Dr. Johnson, whose works he edited in 11 volumes. HAWK MOTH, the proper name of the second or crepuscular division of the order lepidoptera, corresponding to the old genus sphinx (Linn.), most conveniently divided into the sections of sphinxes, aegerians, and glaucopidians. For the characters of the order both in the perfect and immature state, see BUTTERFLY, and CAT- ERPILLAR. The hawk moths have the antennae fusiform or thickest in the middle, and gen- erally hooked at the tip; the comparatively narrow wings are retained in a horizontal or slightly inclined position by a bristle or bunch | of stiff hairs on the shoulder of each hind wing, j which is received by a hook on the under side of each fore wing, the upper ones covering the i lower; there are two pairs of spurs on the hind legs. Most of these insects fly in the morning and evening twilight, though a few appear by day. Linnaeus gave the name of sphinx to this group from a fancied resemblance of some of their caterpillars, when at rest, to the Egyptian figure ; supporting themselves oil the posterior pairs of legs, they raise the fore part of the body, and remain fixed in this, posi- tion for hours at a time. The adult sphinxes are generally called humming-bird moths from the noise they make when flying, and hawk moths from their hovering and powerful flight ; the body is thick and robust, and the strong wings long, narrow, and pointed ; with their very long tongues they obtain honey from flowers while on the wing; many are of such size, and have such brilliant colors, that they might readily be taken for humming birds. Some of the aegerians also fly by day ; though their flight is swift, it is not prolonged, and they generally alight while feeding; they much resemble bees and wasps; they have a Hawk Moth (Sphinx qumqueinaculatus). tuft at the end of the body which can be extended like a fan. The glaucopidians, so named from the bluish color of the eyes in some of the species, have the antennae feath- ered on each side ; they fly mostly by day, and alight to take their food. The large green caterpillar, with a horn on the top of the last segment, commonly called potato worm, is a good example of the larva of the sphinx moth. In this division all have 16 legs, in pairs be- neath the first to third and sixth to tenth or last segments of the body ; and all, except the aegerians and glaucopidians, have a horn or tubercle on the top of the last segment. The sphinx caterpillars devour the leaves of plants on which they are found. The caterpillars of the aegerians are called borers, in common with the larvae of other orders of insects, from their living concealed within the stems or roots of plants, and feeding upon their interior sub- stance; they are soft, whitish, and slightly downy ; they make a cocoon with bits of wood