Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VIII.djvu/543

 HAWES tury before their rediscovery by Capt. Cook in 1778, Hawaii being called Mesa. They first became generally known by the fate of Cook, who was killed by the natives, Feb. 14, 1779. He named the group the Sandwich islands, after Lord Sandwich, then first lord of the ad- miralty ; but the name placed at the head of this article is that which is used at the islands. In 1795-'6 Kamehameha subjugated all of the islands except Kauai, which gave in its alle- giance a few years later, and founded the line )f kings which ruled the islands until the close >f 1872. His successors assumed Kamehame- as a title, prefixing a special name. The lates of their death and succession are as Hows: Kamehameha I., May 8, 1819; II. (Liholiho), July 14, 1824; III. (Kauikeaouli), 3. 15, 1854 ; IV. (Alexander), Nov. 30, 1863 ; (Lot), Dec. 11, 1872. King Lot dying rithout leaving an heir or appointing a suc- essor, and the line of Kamehameha I. being extinct, William Lunalilo, descendant of an old lily of Hawaiian chiefs, was elected king in. 8, 1873. He died Feb. 3, 1874, without sue, and David Kalakaua, a high chief, was lected king in his place, by a parliament as- 3mbled Feb. 12, 1874, for that purpose. A ill list of works relating to the islands will be mnd in the "Hawaiian Club Papers" (Bos- i, 1868). Besides the works of the explorers )ook, Vancouver, Freycinet, Kotzebue, Byron, id Wilkes, and those of the missionary Ellis, he following are among the more important : Jibble, " History " (Lahainaluna, 1843) ; Jarves, " History " (Boston, 1843 ; enlarged, Honolulu, 1873) ; H. T. Cheever, " The Island World in the Pacific" (New York, 1851); Dana, " Coral "Reefs and Islands " (New York, 1853), and " Ge- )logy of the U. S. Exploring Expedition " (Phil- .delphia, 1849) ; G. W. Bates, " Island Notes, by, Haole " (New York, 1854) ; Andrews, " Gram- mar of the Hawaiian Language" (Honolulu, 1854), and "Dictionary" (1865); Hopkins, "Hawaii" (London, 1866); Mann, "Flora of the Hawaiian Islands " (Boston, 1868) ; Brig- ham, "Notes on Hawaiian Volcanoes" (Bos- ton, 1868-'9) ; Bliss, " Paradise of the Pacific " (New York, 1873); Nordhoff, "Northern Cali- fornia, Oregon, and the Sandwich Islands" (1874). See also Coan on volcanoes in the "American Journal of Sciences" (1851-'73), and the "Missionary Herald " (1819-74). HAWES, Joel, an American clergyman, born in Medway, Mass., Dec. 22, 1789, died at Gilead, Conn., June 5, 1867. He graduated at Brown university in 1813, and, after studying theology at Andover, was settled in the first Congregational church in Hartford, Conn., in 1818, where he became known as an able preacher and writer. He published " Lectures to Young Men" (Hartford, 1828), which has had a very large circulation in the United States and Great Britain ; " Tribute to the Mem- ory of the Pilgrims " (1830) ; " Memoir of Nor- mand Smith" (1839); "Character Everything to the Young" (1843); "The Religion of the HA WICK 529 East" (1845); " Looking-Glass for the Ladies, or the Formation and Excellence of Female Character" (1845); " Washington 'and Jay" (1850) ; " An Offering to Home Missionaries " (1865) ; and numerous occasional sermons. HAWFINCH, a conirostral bird, of the family fringillidoe and genus coccothraustes (Briss.). The common European hawfinch (C. vulgaris, Briss.) has a very large bill and head, like other grosbeaks ; the neck is short and thick, and the body and limbs are proportionally small. In the male the head is yellowish brown, with the throat and space before the eyes black ; fore part of back dark chestnut, the rest brownish gray, shading on the upper tail coverts into yellowish brown ; wings with purple gloss and white spots ; tail black, the outer feathers with a terminal white spot on the inner web, the inner gray toward the end and tipped with white ; below pale yellowish brown ; under tail coverts white; the bill flesh-colored, tipped with dusky ; the fifth to the eighth primaries have their tips emarginate and the external margins falcate ; the ninth, tenth, and five of the secondaries are truncated, the inner edge Hawfinch (Coccothraustes vulgaris). of the tips rounded, and the outer sharp ; the tail is short and straight. The female resem- bles the male, hut the colors are paler. The length is about 7 in., and the extent of wings 11 in. Specimens are often seen more varied with white. It is found in the mountainous and elevated regions of Europe, and is an ir- regular visitant of Great Britain. It feeds on the seeds of various trees, especially the horn- beam, plane, pines, and cherry, on the kernels of the haws, plum, &c., on laurel berries, and in the summer on various garden vegetables, particularly green peas. The song is pleas- ant, but plaintive. The nest is very elaborately constructed, of the usual materials, on the highest branches of trees, and the eggs, three to five, are of a pale olive green, with black spots, and irregular streaks of dusky; the young are hatched toward the end of May, and resemble the young green finch; the bill be- comes deep blue in the breeding season. HAWICR, a town and borough of Roxburgh- shire, Scotland, on the Teviot, 40 m. S. E. of Edinburgh, with which it is connected by rail-