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 HARVARD UNIVERSITY 499 degree of mining engineer is conferred after examination. In the case of candidates for this degree an examination for admission to the school is held. Instruction in practical astronomy and the use of astronomical instru- ments, including the spectroscope, is given at the observatory by the director and three assistants. In 1871 a complete revolution in the system of instruction was made in the Harvard medical school. The new plan went into effect at the beginning of the academic year 1871-'2, and up to this time (1874) this institution has stood alone in its efforts to in- luce this radical reform into the system of medical education in the United States. Under the new system instruction is given by lectures, recitations, clinical teaching, and practical ex- rcises distributed throughout the academic fear. This extends from the last of Septem- to the last of June, and is divided into two mal terms. The course of instruction occu- >ies three years, beginning with the funda- lental subjects of anatomy, physiology, and zhemistry in the first year, and proceeding sys- smatically through all the recognized branches of a good medical education. In the impor- tant subjects of anatomy, physiology, chemis- try, and pathological anatomy, obligatory lab- oratory work is substituted for or added to the usual didactic lectures. Instead of the justomary oral examination for the degree ~ doctor of medicine held at the end of the jourse, a series of written examinations on all the main subjects of medical instruction is dis- tributed for regular students through the en- tire course. Other students may pass all of those examinations together at the end of the course. Besides being obliged to pass the re- quired examinations and present a thesis, every candidate for a degree must be 21 years of age, and must have studied medicine three years and attended this school for one year. The cost of tuition is $200 a year. A special course is provided for graduates in medicine desiring advanced instruction. The marked diminution in the number of students which attended the introduction of this change has been followed by a rapid annual increase in the number of applicants for admission. The dental school affords, by lectures, recita- tions, and practical demonstrations, a complete course of instruction in the theory and prac- tice of dentistry. Courses of study are pro- vided in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, sur- gery, operative and mechanical dentistry, and dental pathology and therapeutics. The aca- demic year is divided into two equal terms. Attendance during the winter term only is re- quired for graduation. The degree of doctor of dental medicine is conferred upon those candidates of adult age who have pursued their professional studies three years under compe- tent instructors, and attended two courses in this institution, and who pass the required ex- amination. Attendance upon one course of lectures in another dental or medical school may be substituted for the first course in this school. The tuition fee is $110 for the winter term, or $150 for the year. The school of agriculture and horticulture, established in ex- ecution of the trusts created by the will of Benjamin Bussey, affords thorough instruction in agriculture, useful and ornamental garden- ing, and stock raising. The regular course of study to be pursued by candidates for a degree occupies three years, and embraces instruction in physical geography, meteorology, geology, chemistry and physics, botany, zoology, and entomology, in levelling and road building, and in French and German. The studies of the first year are pursued at the Lawrence scien- tific school in Cambridge ; those of the remain- ing two years at the Bussey institution near Jamaica Plain. The museum of comparative zoology was founded in 1859, with Agassiz as director, in which position he continued until his death in 1873. It is under the direction of the faculty, while the property is held by the trustees, who also appoint the director; the assistants are appointed by the faculty. The extensive collections are open to visitors every day except Sunday. Instruction in nat- ural history is given by the director and 11 assistants. The building of the museum con- tains 10 distinct working laboratories. Con- nected with the museum of comparative zo- ology is the Anderson school of natural history on Penikese island, one of the Elizabeth group, about 16 m. S. W. of Cape Cod. This insti- tution was founded by John Anderson of New York as a summer school of natural history, and was opened in 1873 under the personal supervision of Prof. Agassiz. (See ELIZABETH ISLANDS.) The Peabody museum of American archaeology and ethnology was founded by the late George Peabody, who gave $150,000 for that purpose. The object of the founder was the formation and preservation of collections in ar- chaeology and ethnology, and to afford instruc- tion in those departments. No building has yet been erected for a museum, and no organization except the board of trustees has been effected ; but large collections pertaining to archaeology and ethnology have been made. Besides those already mentioned, the degrees of master of arts, doctor of science, and doctor of philoso- phy (Ph. D.) are conferred in accordance with the regulations adopted at the beginning of the year 1872-'3. Prior to that time the latter two degrees had not been conferred by this university, while that of master of arts could be obtained by any Harvard graduate after a period of three years from graduation, by pay- ing a fee of $5. These degrees are now con- ferred only upon written examinations, and in conformity with specified regulations^ as to residence, graduation, &c. ; the aim being to encourage young men to devote one or more years to liberal study after obtaining the bach- elor's degree. The degrees of master of arts and doctor of philosophy are open only to bachelors of arts ; those who have not gradu-