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 HANOVER represent the exact value, as the profits of a portion of the Ilartz mines are divided by Prussia and Brunswick in the proportion of 4 to 3. The annual yield of asphaltum is about 2,500 tons, and some gold is found. In some localities rock salt is mined in large quanti- ties; and there are also extensive slate and sandstone quarries. There are large smelting works and founderies in the vicinity of the mines. The export of linen goods in 1869 amounted to $7,000,000. The province has more than 1,000 breweries and distilleries, nearly 200 manufactories of woollen goods, several large cotton factories, 20 glass works, besides many manufactories of mirrors, 110 tanneries, 40 paper mills, chemical works which furnish immense quantities of vitriol, sulphu- ric acid, sal ammoniac, and sugar of lead, In- dia-rubber works, and powder mills. The gun makers of Hanover and Herzberg, and the physical, optical, and mathematical instru- ment makers of Gottingen, have a European reputation. The province has 95 m. of canals, 650 m. of navigable rivers, and 565 m. of rail- ways. In 1871 the merchant marine of Han- over consisted of 881 sailing vessels of 112,976 tons, 4 steamships of 823 tons, 563 coasters of 21,120 tons, and 2,246 river vessels of 71,982 tons. The principal ports are Harburg, Gees- temiinde, Norden, and Emden. The princi- pal educational institution is the university of Gottingen. The Protestants have 3,200 pub- lic schools, with 4,050 teachers and 280,000 pu- pils ; the Roman Catholics, 425 public schools, with 500 teachers and 35,000 pupils ; the Jews, 80 schools, with 90 teachers and 1,750 pu- pils. For administrative purposes the prov- ince is divided into 6 Landdrosteien and 37 circles; the head of each of these adminis- trative divisions is appointed by the Prussian government. The province has a local gov- ernment of 75 elected assemblymen, with 6 hereditary members, under a president ap- pointed by the crown, and this body legis- lates on all provincial matters. The early history of the territory now included in the province will be found under SAXONY. Char- lemagne introduced Christianity with his sway, and his family held the Saxon duchy till 951, when it passed to Hermann Billung, in whose family it remained till the death of Magnus in 1106. It was then bestowed by the emperor Henry V. on Lothaire of Sup- plin^t-nburg, who became his successor in the empire, and died in 1137. His son-in-law Hen- ry, duke of Bavaria, of the house of Guelph, succeeded in Saxony, and by marriage into the house of Billung acquired the duchy of Luneburg, and subsequently he added Bruns- wick, Gottingen, and other principalities. Ilis son, Henry the Lion, made considerable addi- tions to the territory. After his death in 1195, of his three sons who succeeded, only the third, William, left male heirs, through whom were formed in the 13th century the houses of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel and Brunswick- Luneburg. (See BRUNSWICK, HOUSE OF.) A prince of the latter house, Ernest Augustus, was created elector of Hanover in. 1692. His wife, Sophia, daughter of the elector pal tine Frederick V. and of Elizabeth, daugh- ter of James I. of England, was declared next heir to the British crown, after Mary, William III., Anne, and their descendants. His son, George Lewis, succeeded in 1698, and in 1714 became king of Great Britain as George I. ; and his successors retained both govern- ments till the accession of Victoria. In 1715 Hanover purchased the principalities of Bre- men and Verden. Hanover cooperated with Maria Theresa in the wars of 1740-'45, with England in the seven years' war (1756-'63), and was occupied by the French in 1757. In 1801 it was occupied by the Prussians, and in 1803 by the French, who ceded it to Prussia in 1805, retook it in 1806, and annexed part of it to the kingdom of Westphalia in 1810 ; after the battle of Leipsic in 1813 it was restored to the elector-king. In 1814 the congress of Vienna made it a kingdom and enlarged its territory. On the accession of Victoria to the throne of Great Britain in 1837, Hanover by the Salio law was separated from the British crown, and Ernest Augustus, brother of William IV., be- came king. The fifth and last king of Hano- ver was his son George V., who succeeded in 1851. In the war of 1866 Hanover sided with Austria, and was occupied by Prussia in June. The Hanoverians defeated the Prussians at Langensalza on June 27, but surrendered on June 29. Hanover was annexed to Prussia in September. (See GEORGE V.) II. A city, cap- ital of the province, at the confluence of the Ihme and the Leine, 64 m. S. E. of Bremen and 84 m. S. by W. of Hamburg; pop. in 1871, 87,641. The river Leine divides the old and new towns, which are connected by 11 bridges. The old town was formerly fortified, but the ramparts were demolished in 1780. After the city became the royal residence in 1837, it was greatly improved, and since it fell to Prussia in 1866 the old town is rapidly disappearing, the quaint structures of former years giving place to warehouses and modern residences. Among the noteworthy public buildings are the Kreuzkirche and the Marktkirche, built in the 14th century, the city hall, built about 1455, and the Aegidienkirche, probably 400 years old, restored in 1827. Some of the finest buildings are in the vicinity of Waterloo square, which contains a column about 170 ft. high, surmount- ed by a statue of Victory and inscribed with the names of the Hanoverians who fell at Wa- terloo. On the N. side of the square is the former royal palace, built in 1640, from which the treasures were removed by the ex-king to Vienna in 1866. The city has a public library of 40,000 volumes, a royal library of 150,000 volumes and 2,000 manuscripts, a number of Lutheran and Roman Catholic churches, a syna- gogue, many charitable and educational insti- tutions, and numerous manufactories.