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 HALL 399 these, Prof. Hall has prepared for the " Palae- ontology " a complete revision of the palaeozoic brachiopoda of North America, with about 50 plates. This great and comprehensive study of onr palaeozoic fauna, which it is proposed to terminate with the base of the coal formation, has demanded researches beyond the limits of New York ; and Prof. Hall has extended his investigations westward to the Rocky moun- tains, tracing out over the region the great di- visions of the New York series. It is these identifications which have served as the basis of all our knowledge of the geology of the Mississippi basin. The general results of these comparative studies will be found in the intro- duction to the third volume of the "Palaeon- tology," and more fully in the first volume of the "Report on the Geology of Iowa." Hav- ing been in 1855 appointed geologist to this state, he published in 1858, in connection with Whitney and Worthen, a report in two volumes, to which, besides the geological researches just mentioned, he contributed a memoir on the palaeontology of the state, with 34 plates. He subsequently performed for Wisconsin a simi- lar service, the results of which are as yet but partly published. Prof. Hall was about this time called to take charge of the palaeontology of the geological survey of Canada under Sir William Logan. This he declined, but under- took the study of the graptolites of the so-called Quebec group of Canada, which appeared in 1865 as an exhaustive monograph, with 22 plates. This work was subsequently republished by him, with additions, in the 20th report of the New York state cabinet of natural history. Various other contributions to palaeontology him will be found in most of the reports of state cabinet and state museum, from Fo. No. 25. To these must be added the de- ription of the organic remains given in the government reports of various western sur- veys, including the reports of Fremont, Stans- bury, and the United States and Mexico boun- dary survey. Besides all these are numerous communications to the " American Journal of Science," and to various scientific societies and academies both at home and abroad, including the geological society of London, of which he is one of the foreign members, and which in 1858 gave him the Wollaston medal. Prof. Hall has also devoted much time to the study of crystalline stratified rocks, and was the first to point out the persistence and the significance of mineralogical character as a guide to their classification, in the manner which has since been developed and extended by Hunt. (See GEOLOGY.) While devoting himself to the study of the minute details of organic struc- tures, and discriminating between and classify- ing these with the utmost precision, Prof. Hall has also successfully traced out and arranged in their true order, over vast areas of North America, the formations to which they be- long ; thus doing for the stratigraphical geolo- gy of our country a work second in importance 386 VOL. vm. 26 Var

scrii tology. Carrying his investigations still fur- ther, he has attempted the solution of some of the most difficult questions of dynamical geolo- gy, and has laid the grounds for a rational theory of mountains which must be regarded as one of his most important contributions to geological science. (See MOUNTAIN.) In his earlier palaeontological publications Prof. Hall was greatly aided by his wife, who drew the figures of a large portion of the fossils. One of his sons, CHARLES EDWARD, is now (1874) engaged in geological investigations in Texas. HALL, John, an American clergyman, born in the county Armagh, Ireland, July 31, 1829. He entered Belfast college when he was only 13 years old, and, notwithstanding his extreme youth, was repeatedly Hebrew prize man. He was licensed to preach at the age of 20, and at once engaged in labor as a missionary in the west of Ireland. In 1852 he was installed pas- tor of the first Presbyterian church at Armagh, and in 1858 he was called to the church of Mary's Abbey, now Rutland square, in Dublin. He was an earnest friend of popular educa- tion, and received from the queen the honorary appointment of commissioner of education for Ireland. In 1867 he was a delegate from the general assembly of the Presbyterian church in Ireland to the Presbyterian churches of the United States. After his return to Ire- land he received by the telegraph cable a call to the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian church in New York, which he accepted, entering upon his labors on Nov. 3, 1867. The church edi- fice having become insufficient for his congre- gation, they are now (1874) building for him, at a cost of about $900,000, a church which when completed will be the largest Presbyte- rian church in New York, if not in the world. Dr. Hall is often called to preach in other cities at the installation of clergymen, the dedi- cation of churches, &c. ; and he was selected to preach the funeral sermon of Chief Justice Chase, who belonged to a different denomina- tion. He has published " Family Prayers for Four Weeks" (1868), " Papers for Home Read- ing" (1871), and "Questions of the Day" (1873). Dr. Hall is universally regarded as an earnest and eloquent preacher; and though he speaks extemporaneously, his sermons bear marks of great refinement and finish. HALL, Joseph, an English author, born at Ashby de la Zouch, July 1, 1574, died at Higham, Sept. 8, 1656. He was educated at Cambridge, took orders, and became dean of Worcester in 1617, bishop of Exeter in 1627, and bishop of Norwich in 1641. In the latter year he joined with the bishops who protested against the validity of laws made during their forced ab- sence from parliament, and was committed for a time to the tower. In 1643 his revenues were sequestrated and his personal property was pillaged. From 1647 to his death he lived in poverty at Higham, near Norwich. Among his prose writings are : Mundw alter et idem
 * only to that which he has done for its palaeon-