Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VIII.djvu/406

 392 HALIBUT HALICARNASSUS in 1829, and judge of the supreme court of Nova Scotia in 1840. In 1842 he took up his residence in England, and in 1859 was return- ed to parliament for Launceston, holding his seat until his death. In 1835 he wrote a series of newspaper sketches satirizing the Yankee character, which were published in 1837 under the title of " The Clockmaker, or Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick of Slickville," of which subsequent series appeared in 1838 and 1840. He also wrote " Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia " (1829) ; " Bubbles of Canada," "The Old Judge, or Life in a Colony," and "Letter Bag of the Great Western" (1839); " The Attache, or Sam Slick in England " (1843 ; 2d series, 1844); "Kule and Misrule of the English in America" (1851); "Yankee Sto- ries" and " Traits of American Humor " (1852) ; and " Nature and Human Nature " (1855). HALIBUT, a fish of the family planida and genus hippoglossus (Cuv.). The genus is char- acterized by a flat oblong body, compressed vertically; the eyes and colored surface are on the right side ; the lips large and fleshy, the lower jaw the longer; both jaws and the pharynx armed with sharp and strong teeth, in some portions card-like. The common species (H. vulgaris, Cuv.) grows to a length of from 3 to 6 ft., varying in weight from 100 to 500 Halibut (Hippoglossus vulgaris). Ibs. ; a specimen is on record, taken on the coast of Maine, which weighed more than 600 Ibs. The right side is of an almost uniform dark brown, and the left or under surface pure white; in rare instances, the eyes and the colored surface are on the left side. The dor- sal fin arises over the anterior third of the eye, ending at the fleshy portion of the caudal fin ; the pectorals arise just back of the operculum ; the ventrals are small, beneath the base of the pectorals ; the anal extends from the posterior half of the pectorals to near the tail. Of two apertures in front of the anal fin, the anterior is the anus, the posterior the urinary outlet. It is found from the coast of New York to Greenland, and also on the northern shores of Europe ; the Boston market is supplied prin- cipally from George's banks and Nantucket shoals; in summer it is caught by hook and line in shallow water, retiring to deeper in the winter; it is abundant in the bay of Fundy and in the waters of Nova Scotia. It is ex- ceedingly voracious; its flesh is coarse and dry, but much esteemed by some, when boiled or fried ; the fins are considered a delicacy ; large quantities of the flesh, dried, salted, or smoked, are consumed by the Greenlanders and other northern nations. In the United States it sells for a higher price than cod ; in England it is not much esteemed. For the characters of this family, see FLOUNDEB. IIALHAKV ssrs (originally called Zephyria), an ancient city of Caria in Asia Minor, on the Ceramic gulf. Its site is now occupied by' the town of Boodroom or Budrun, 96 m. S. of Smyrna (pop. about 10,000), one of the most miserable of Turkish towns, notable only for the remains of the ancient city. Halicarnassus was founded by a colony from Trcezen, and was one of the six cities which constituted the Doric hexapolis. It was afterward excluded from that confederacy, and was conquered by the Persians under Darius, who permitted Lyg- damis, a Greek, to rule it under his authority, with the title of dynast. Under Lygdamis and his successors Halicarnassus retained its Gre- cian character and language, but remained faithful to Persia ; and Artemisia, his daughter and successor, fought in the fleet of Xerxes at Salamis. About 380 B. C. the city appears as subject to independent Carian princes, the most famous of whom was Mausolus, husband and brother of the younger Artemisia, who restored and fortified it. He died in 352, and over his remains Artemisia caused to be raised a monument so beautiful that it still gives a name to similar structures. Not long after- ward the city reverted to Persia by the mar- riage of one of its queens with a Persian satrap, and after a long siege it was taken by Alex- ander of Macedon, who destroyed most of it by fire. From this catastrophe it never whol- ly recovered. It afterward passed under the sway of the Ptolemies of Egypt, and still later of the Romans, who assigned it to the govern- ment of Rhodes after their victory over Anti- ochus the Great of Syria (190 B. C.); it was afterward annexed to the province of Asia. On the downfall of the Roman empire it was laid in ruins, and after the knights of St. John had occupied Rhodes they built here about 1402 a castle called the " tower of St. Peter." At the final siege of the island by the Turks (1522) the knights caused this fortress to be repaired with stones taken from the ruins of the ancient city. The place was known at this time by the name of Mesy. Halicarnassus was the birth- place of the historians Herodotus and Dionysius. The plan of the city was grand and symmet- rical. From the edge of the harbor the build- ings rose on terraces, formed partly by exca- vations from the rock and partly by walls of masonry. The first terrace was crowned by the Mausoleum, the second by the temple of Mars. Two citadels occupied volcanic hills at the upper end of the city, while the whole was enclosed by a wall which can still be traced. The palace of Mausolus and the temple of Ve- nus and Mercury probably stood on the two points of the harbor, forming the extremities of the city. The fountain of Salmacis, a theatre