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 HALAS nee. It was opened to American com- me'rce by the treaty negotiated by Commodore Perry in 1854, which has since been extended to all foreign nations. HALAS, a market town of Hungary, in the district of Little Cumania, about 75 m. S. S. E. of Pesth; pop. in 1870, 13,127. It has a Keformed gymnasium. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in the breeding of cattle and the cultivation of the vine. HALBERSTADT, a town of Prussian Saxony, the district and 28 m. S. "W. of the city of agdeburg, on the right bank of the Hol- zemme; pop. in 1871, 25,421. The principal public buildings are the Dom or cathedral, a Gothic structure restored in 1850, which con- tains celebrated collections of the episcopal and priestly robes of the middle ages, and the Lieb- frauenkirche, erected in the llth century, in the Byzantine style, with singular bass-reliefs and wall paintings. Halberstadt has a gym- nasium and a number of schools, two large li- braries, and good collections of coins, antiqui- ties, and pictures, many of the last in the so- called " temple of friendship." The chief manufactures are woollen cloth, gloves, car- pets, refined sugar, leather, tobacco, cigars, and chemical products. The poet Gleim gath- ered around him in this town a large circle of authors, which was called the poetical union of Halberstadt; and he was buried here. In the middle ages the bishopric of Halberstadt formed a state of the empire. nnersdorf, Bavaria, July 13, 1814. He was educated in the academy of Munich, and became professor of statuary there. Since 1835 he has executed the group of lions for the old Pina- kothek, the statues of Roma and Minerva in the royal park, and many other important works in Munich and other German cities, in Russia, and in Belgium. He is said to have modelled since 1846 more than 1,000 busts. His most celebrated works are the group of lions at the Munich gate of Victory, and the 18 figures representing the principal states of Germany in the hall of independence at Kel- heim ; the statue of Christ on the cross in the Campo Santo of Munich (1853) ; the monu- ment in honor of Maximilian II. in the town (1854), and that at the port, of Lindau ; and an allegorical group representing North America for a gentleman of New York. In 1873 he was commissioned by Louis II. of Bavaria to prepare a colossal group of the crucifixion to be erected on the mountain near Oberammer- gau; and in 1874 he designed a statue of the late king "William of Wtirtemberg for the town of Canstatt. HALDANE. I. Robert, a Scottish philanthro- pist, born in 1764, died Dec. 12, 1842. Though heir to a large property, he had a passion for a seafaring life, and in 1780 entered the royal navy, in which he served with honor under Capt. Jervis, afterward Earl St. Vincent. He retired from the navy in 1783, and in 1785 HALDEMAN 387 married and settled upon his estate of Airthrey. He welcomed the advent of the French revo- lution, and was consequently exposed to much obloquy ; but, disappointed by the revolutionary excesses, and convinced of the divine origin of Christianity, he resolved to devote his life to its advancement. He conceived the idea of organizing a vast scheme of missionary labor in India, including the establishment of schools and a printing press, all the. expenses to be borne by himself. The East India company, suspecting some hidden design, refused to sanc- tion the scheme, and Haldane was forced to abandon it. He then selected Scotland as his field of work, sold his estate, and devoted his means to hiring and erecting places for wor- ship, and to educating young men for the min- istry. His efforts were highly successful in this respect. Afterward he formed a plan for the evangelization of Africa, and imported 30 children from Sierra Leone to receive Christian education, giving his bond for 7,000 to pay the expenses. At the commencement of his revival labors in Scotland he seceded from the established church and adopted many of the tenets of Sandeman, with some rigid forms of discipline; and he afterward joined the Bap- tists, but gave no prominence to peculiar secta- rian views. He published a work on the " Evi- dence and Authority of Divine Revelation" (Edinburgh, 1816), an " Exposition of the Epis- tle to the Romans " (London, 1835), and several minor writings. II. James Alexander, brother of the preceding, born in Dundee, July 14, 1768, died in Edinburgh, Feb. 8, 1851. In 1785 he went to sea in the service of the East India company, and in 1793 was appointed captain of a ship. But while the vessel was detained he experienced a religious change like that of his brother. He sold his commission and his share of the ship's property for 15,000, re- tired to Scotland, and devoted himself to re- ligious labors. He made journeys through the country, gathering large congregations, for which churches were immediately built by his brother Robert. In 1799 he became pastor of the Tabernacle in Leith walk, Edinburgh, in which office he continued without emolument for more than 50 years. His life, with that of his brother, was written by Alexander Haldane (London, 1852). HALDEMAN, S. Stehman, an American natu- ralist and philologist, born near Columbia, Pa., in 1812. He was educated at Dickinson col- lege, and in 1836 became assistant in the geolo- gical survey of New Jersey, and in 1837 of Penn- sylvania, and discovered the scolithm lineasis, the oldest fossil then known. In 1851 he be- came professor of natural history in the univer- sity of Pennsylvania, and in 1855 in Delaware college, and also of geology and chemistry to the state agricultural society of Pennsylvania. He has made numerous contributions to en- tomology, conchology, and philology, inclu- ding " Monograph of the Fresh-Water Univalve Mollusca" (Philadelphia, 1840-'45) ; Mono-
 * !ALBIG, Johann, a German sculptor, born at