Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VIII.djvu/396

 382 HAILES of atmospheric aqueous vapor contained in up- rising currents of air. HAILES, Lord. See DALBTMPLE, Sir DAVID. HAINAN, an island of China, in the China sea, between lat. 18 and 20 N., and Ion. 108 and 111 E. ; area, about 12,000 sq. m. ; pop. about 1,500,000 Chinese, besides the tribes in the interior. It forms part of the province of Kwangtung, and lies off the peninsula of Lien- chow, from which it is separated by the strait of Hainan, 15m. broad and of difficult naviga- tion. The E. coast is steep and rocky ; the N. W. coast is unapproachable because of sand banks; but the S. coast is indented with seve- ral commodious and safe harbors. The interior of the island is mountainous and barren, but the low lands near the sea are fertile and well cultivated. The principal productions are rice, sweet potatoes, sugar, tobacco, fruits, medici- nal plants, sandal wood, braziletto, ebony, dye woods, and wax, the last obtained from the pehltih-chung or white wax insect. There are valuable ^sheries, and great quantities of dried and salted fish are shipped to Canton. The inhabitants of the maritime districts are mostly the descendants of Chinese settlers, but the in- terior is occupied by a distinct race, called Li, who claim to be independent of the Chinese government, and are supposed to be aborigines. These people are described as inoffensive and industrious. Hainan is divided into 13 dis- tricts. Kienchow, the residence of the govern- or and the capital of the whole island, on the N. coast, has a population estimated at 200,000. IIAI l, a town of Prussia, in the province of Silesia, on the Deichsel, and on the railway from Frankfort-on-the-Oder to Breslau, 11 m. W. N. W. of Liegnitz ; pop. about 4,500. It has manufactories of woollen and linen cloth, tile works, a shoe manufactory, and a mar- ket for horses. Here the Prussian cavalry de- feated the French vanguard, May 26, 1813. HAINAUT, or Hainanlt (Flem. Henegouwen ; Ger. Hennegaii), a province of Belgium, bor- dering on France and the provinces of West and East Flanders, Brabant, and Namur ; area, 1,437 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 896,285. It is trav- ersed by the rivers Sambre, Scheldt, Dender, and Haine (from which last the province re- ceived its name), and several canals. It is very hilly in the southeast, but in other parts gen- erally level. The soil, except in the district of Charleroi, is fertile. The mineral productions are coal, iron, lead, slates, marble, building stones, and limestone. The number of persons employed in the coal mines at the end of 1870 was 68,831, and the production amounted to 10,196,530 tons. The chief*crops are wheat, barley, oats, rye, flax, beans, hemp, hops, po- tatoes, tobacco, and chiccory. Horned cattle, sheep, and horses are reared, the latter valued as draught animals. There is also abundance of poultry, game, and bees. Hardware, glass, woollen and linen goods, porcelain, pottery, bricks, lace, and Brussels carpets are the prin- cipal manufactures. The most important ex- HAIR ports are coal, iron, and lime. The province is traversed by good roads and railways, the great lines being the Brussels and Namur and the Brussels and Valenciennes. The principal towns are Mons, the capital, Tournay, Ath, Soignies, Charleroi, and Thuin. The territory of Hainaut was known in ancient times as Han- agadensis Comitatus and Hannonia. Among the earliest inhabitants were the warlike Ner- vii. It was not called Hainaut until the 7th century, and it was long governed by local counts. It passed through many vicissitudes from the 10th to the 15th century, and, after having successively been united with Flanders and Burgundy, in 1477 came into the pos- session of the house of Hapsburg, and was ruled by the Spanish branch of that line from 1555 to 1713, and subsequently by the Aus- trian branch, with the exception of S. Hainaut, which in 1659 became part of France by the treaty of the Pyrenees. In 1793 the French annexed Austrian Hainaut, and formed of it the department of Jemmapes. In 1815 other districts were added to it, and it formed a part of the kingdom of the Netherlands until the es- tablishment of the kingdom of Belgium in 1830. HAIR, an elongated, more or less cylindrical epidermic appendage, analogous to the feathers of birds and the scales of reptiles. Its essential structure consists of an assemblage of epider- mic cells at the bottom of a flask-shaped folli- cle in the substance of the skin, supplied with blood by vessels distributed to its walls ; it is made up of a root, from which the hair is de- veloped, and a stem or shaft continuous with it. The root exhibits a bulbous enlargement, which, with the lower part of the stem, is en- closed in an inversion of the epidermis, having an outer or cellular and an inner or fibrous layer, formed of granular cells ; each hair folli- cle is implanted in a depression in the dermis, between whose epidermic lining and the stem is a space into which the canals of sebaceous follicles frequently open, and in which entozoa are often developed; the inspissated sebaceous secretion forms the scurf at the roots of the hair; the follicle penetrates sometimes T ^ of an inch, reaching on the head, face, and pubis the subcutaneous areolar tissue, but generally is imbedded in the substance of the true skin. The bottom of the follicle is occupied by a pa- pilla upon which the hair rests, a compound cellular vesicle, the true germ of the hair. The stem is composed of a cortical investing horny layer of scales, arranged in an imbricated man- ner, a softer medullary or pith-like substance in the centre, and a fibrous intermediate por- tion constituting two thirds of the bulk of the hair; the last two are by Carpenter considered as forming together the medullary substance. The growth of hair takes place at the root by the development of new cells at the bulb, the old being pressed forward by the new or be- coming elongated in the stem. Hairs are very rarely cylindrical, but generally elliptical and flattened in proportion to the curl or crispness;