Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VIII.djvu/382

 368 HADERSLEBEN HADLEY from its voracity it is a ready biter, and is easily caught ; the fishery is valuable to New England and the British provinces, and is pur- sued in the same manner as for cod, and in deep water. The haddock is equally abundant on the coast of northern Europe, and is very common in the English markets ; it is found in the arctic seas, supplying food to the inhabi- tants of Greenland, and to the seals and other aquatic mammals of the northern regions. The name "young haddock" is sometimes given to the pollack, a gadoid fish of the genus mer- langus (Guv.). II. The Norway haddock is the sebastes Norvegicus (Guv.), an acanthopte- rous marine fish of the family sclerogenidce or " mailed cheeks." It attains a length of from 1 to 2 ft. ; the body and the upper parts of the head are covered with scales ; the gill cov- ers are spiny ; the teeth are numerous, small, equal, in both jaws, and on the vomer and palate bones ; the single dorsal is partly spinous, as are the anal and ventrals. The color of the living fish is bright red, with a black blotch on the posterior part of the gill covers; after death the lower parts become white ; the iris is yellow. It is found on both sides of the Atlantic, and on the American coast from New York to the far north ; it is called here rose fish, red perch, and snapper. It is abundant in Newfoundland, where it feeds on small fish. The spines of the dorsal are used as needles by the Greenlanders and Esquimaux. HADERSLEBEN (Danish, Haderslev), a city of Prussia, in the province and 52 m. N. of the city of Schleswig, on the Hadersleben fiord, a small arm of the sea connecting with the Little Belt; pop. in 1870, 8,259. It consists of an old and a new town, and has a normal school, gymnasium, hospital, and a monument to Lu- ther. There are several breweries and distil- leries, and a glove factory. The harbor is only adapted for small vessels, The outer harbor is at the custom house of Stevelt. Hadersleben was formerly an imperial city, the seat of a bishop before the reformation, and had a strong castle. In the first Schleswig-Holstein war the city was occupied by the Germans April 9, 1849, and in the second, Feb. 14, 1864. HADES (Gr. *Ai(tyf), in Grecian mythology, a name originally given to the king of the low- er or invisible world, but afterward applied to the infernal regions, while the king came to be known as Pluto. Hades was a place of dark- ness, the residence of Pluto and Proserpine, and the abode of the dead. Its gates were kept closed, that no shade might escape to the world of light, and were guarded by the ter- rible many-headed dog Cerberus. HADJI, an Arabic word signifying pilgrim, hadj being the term used by Mohammedans for the sacred pilgrimage to Mecca. A certain part of the ceremony which takes place at Mecca on the arrival of the pilgrims is also called hadj. The Mohammedan theologians define the original meaning of hadj to be "aspira- tion," and they consider it expressive of the sentiment that man is but a wayfarer on earth travelling toward another and a better world. Every Mohammedan is bound once in his life to visit the holy city Mecca, and a Mohamme- dan who has made the pilgrimage afterward bears the title Hadji prefixed to his name ; as Hadji Ibrahim, Hadji Mohammed. HADJI KHALFA, the surname of MUSTAPHA BEN ABDALLAH, also known under the title of Katib Tchelebi (noble secretary), a Turkish historian, born at Constantinople, died there in 1658. His father was employed in the min- istry of finance, and he entered the service in 1622. In 1626 he was present at the siege of Erzerum. In 1629 he made the campaign of Mesopotamia, and in 1633 the pilgrimage to Mecca. Having returned to Constantinople, he undertook his great bibliographical work. He resigned his office in 1642, but in 1648 was appointed khalfa (minister of finance). He wrote in Turkish, Arabic, and Persian. His most important work is Keshf ul-tzuntin, a bibliographical lexicon in Arabic, in which are titles of more than 18,000 Arabic, Per- sian, and Turkish books, with brief notices of the authors. A complete edition of the text, with a Latin translation, was published by Flugel, under the title Lexicon BibliograpM- cum et EncyclopoBdicum (7 vols., London, 1835- '58). He also wrote some historical works, of which the most important are, TaTcwim at- tewarikh ("Chronological Tables," Constan- tinople, 1733; Latin translation by Reiske, Leipsic, 1766); Jihdn numd ("Mirror of the World," Constantinople, 1732 ; Latin transla- tion by Norberg, Lund, 1818); and Tohfet al- Icobar fi asfar al-behar (Constantinople, 1728; English translation by Mitchell, " History of the Maritime Wars of the Turks," London, 1830). His autobiography is appended to the Takwim at-tewarikh, and has been translated into German by Von Hammer. HADLEY, James, an American scholar, born in Fairfield, Herkimer co., N. Y., March 30, 1821, died in New Haven, Conn., Nov. 14, 1872. When nine years old he was acciden- tally lamed for life, and devoted himself to study, soon acquiring a mastery of ancient lan- guages. He graduated at Yale college, at the head of his class, in 1842, was for a short time tutor in Middlebury college, Vermont, where he displayed remarkable mathematical ability, and graduated at the theological seminary in New Haven in 1845. In that year also he be- came tutor, in 1848 assistant professor, and in 1851 professor of Greek in Yale college, hold- ing the chair until his death. He was familiar with Sanskrit, Hebrew, Arabic, Greek, Latin, Armenian, Gothic, and many modern lan- guages, including Swedish and Welsh, and had given special attention to early forms of Eng- lish ; and he was master of the methods and main results of comparative philology. He was a leading member of the American oriental so- ciety, and during the last two years of his life its president. He was vice president of the