Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VIII.djvu/375

 GYROWETZ d constitutes a new source of support by generating a tendency upward ; and it is doubt- less this part of the action that raises the disk at times to an erect position. The principles thus arrived at explain also why the disk trav- els faster as its axial rotation lessens, and also when weights are added to it ; why in the or- dinary form it rises if its motion is hastened ith the hand ; why, if overpoised, it descends y being hastened, and rises on being de- ,yed in its orbital movement ; and in fact, it ay safely be said, every phenomenon which e instrument can be made to present. The me explanation, in effect, applies if the rota- body be a sphere, or of any other form, e facts of support and orbital movement, ough separately considered, are really but wo different expressions of the same phenom- parated, really conspire in one movement, d that is the composition of a rotation caused gravity with another imparted by the hand, e reason why the rotating body does not fall that in such a body, whenever its plane is blique to the vertical, gravity is no longer al- wed to act singly, but must in every instant ter into composition with another force, ence the body in such case cannot simply fall, must move toward such new place in space the combined actions shall determine ; and ence, again, the same force which ordinarily reduces a vertical fall, here carries a body und in a horizontal circle, or secondarily etimes even causes it to ascend. The weight II 361 of the rotating disk, however, is in all positions sustained by the support and base on which the apparatus rests. In this explanation, the dis- tance through which the gravitative force acts has been taken as very short, because by ex- periment and calculation it can be proved that, unless the weight of the ring is very great, the whole downward action of gravity on the disk is very slight compared with that of the rota- tion first imparted by the hand, sometimes as small as in the ratio of 1 to 40 or 60. GYROWETZ, Adalbert, a Bohemian composer, born in Budweis, Feb. 19, 1753, died in Vienna in 1850. He studied counterpoint under Sala, and was as well skilled on the violin as on the piano. In 1804 he was appointed director of the orchestra of the imperial theatre in Vienna. Among his operas are "Semiramis," "Agnes Sorel," " The Oculist," and " The Blind Harp- ist." He also composed melodramas, ballets, numerous instrumental works and vocal pieces, but excelled most in symphonies. His auto- biography appeared in Vienna in 1848. GYULA, a market town of Hungary, capital of the county of Bekes, 30 m. N. of Arad ; pop. in 1870, 18,495. It is divided by the White Koros river into two distinct villages, surnamed Magyar and Nemet (German), in one of which Hungarian and in the other German is princi- pally spoken. It has a Greek united, a Greek non-united, and a Protestant church, a castle, a court house, and several oil mills. The vine is extensively cultivated in the neighborhood, and there is a trade in wine, salt, and cattle. H THE eighth letter in the Latin alpha- . bet, and in others derived directly 3m it, as English, French,. German, and Italian. It was also the eighth letter in the original Greek alphabet, where it was repre- ited by the character H, and so appears in in- riptions ; but the letter was in time dropped, and the character was used for the new let- ter eta ; and the two halves (- and -|), subse- quently modified into ' and ', designated as the "rough" and "smooth" breathings, were su- perscribed over the initial vowel of a word; the initial v always having the rough breathing (v), while the other vowels may have either. The initial p is always aspirated, and when this letter is doubled in the middle of a word, the first has the rough and the second the smooth breathing (p/>). H in English, when sounded, is a mere emission of the unvocalized breath ; but in producing it the vocal organs are placed in position to form the succeeding vowel ; thus in uttering he, ha, or ho, the lips and tongue are in different positions. H is sometimes silent, as in hour, heir, honor ; that is, the breath is emitted so gently as to be in- audible ; in a few words, such as humble and humor, the usage varies; but when audible it has but one sound, as in hat. There is a vul- garism not uncommon in England of reversing the proper usage at the beginning of a word ; as ouse for house, happle for apple. At the end of a word it is silent, or at most gives ad- ditional force to the preceding vowel. H en- ters into combination with other letters, usual- ly modifying their sound. Ch, as in church, is properly a distinct letter (and is so regarded in Spanish, the only language in which it is the same as in English), the sound of which is only approximately represented by tsh; in some words of French origin, as chaise and. ma- chine, it is equivalent to sh; when it is the representative of the Greek *, it is usually sounded like Tc, as in chorus, but occasionally, as in archbishop, it assumes the normal English sound. In gh, at the beginning of a word, the h is silent, as in ghost; in other positions both letters are usually silent, as in light, bough, but occasionally, as in laughter, they sound like /. Ph is merely the representative of the Greek 0, and sounds like/. Rh is only used to represent the Greek />. Th has two sounds, as in thin and in that. In wh, the
 * the two actions, here for convenience