Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VIII.djvu/348

 334 GUNTHER space between division 1 and the multiplier is equal to the space between the multiplicand and the product, the distance in each case being laid off in the same direction. 2. To divide one number by another : the extent from the divisor to unity equals that from the dividend to the quotient. 3. To find a fourth propor- tional to three given numbers: the space be- tween the first two numbers equals the dis- tance from the third number to the required fourth proportional. 4. To find a mean propor- tional between any two given numbers : one half the distance between the lesser number in the left-hand part of the line, and the greater number in the right-hand part, will extend to the mean proportional sought, if applied for- ward from the lesser number, or backward from the greater. 5. To extract the square root of a number : one half of the distance between unity and the given number, if laid off from unity, will give the point representing the desired root. Similarly, the cube root or that of any higher power can be found, by dividing the distance between unity and the given num- ber by the index of the root, the quotient giv- ing the distance between unity and the point representing the root required. GTJNTER'S QUADRANT is usually made of wood or brass, and contains a kind of stereographic projec- tion on the plane of the equinoctial, the eye being supposed in one of the poles. The trop- ic, ecliptic, and horizon form arcs of circles, but the hoar circles are curves, delineated by means of several altitudes of the sun for some particular latitude every year. It can be used for the determination of time, the sun's azimuth, &c., and also for taking altitudes of any ob- ject in degrees. GUNTER'S SCALE, generally termed by seamen the Gunter, is a large plain scale, generally 2 ft. long by about 1| in. broad, and used in solving problems in navigation, trigonometry, &c. On one side of the scale are natural lines, and on the other the artificial or logarithmic ones ; the former side contains a scale of inches and tenths, two plain diago- nal scales, and various lines relating to trigo- nometry as performed by natural numbers. <;i VI IIKK, Anton, a German philosopher, born in Lindenau, Bohemia, about 1785, died in Vi- enna, Feb. 24, 1863. Ho studied at the uni- versity of Prague, and, after passing several years as tutor, devoted himself to theology at the college of Raab, and in 1820 was ordained priest. He passed two years at a novitiate of the Jesuits, and then took up his residence at Vienna, iwhere he was vice director in the university and imperial censor. He became eminent as a writer on philosophical subjects. But while he combated the views of Hegel and Herbart, and endeavored to reconcile the doctrines of the Catholic church with the teachings of modern philosophy, he blamed the fathers of the church for having employed pagan conceptions in seeking to impress the truths of religion. He incurred the disappro- bation of the Jesuits, and was summoned to GURNARD Rome, but was prevented by ill health from attending in person. All his works were placed upon the Index Expurgatorius in 1857. They include Vorschule zur speculatwen Theologie (2 vols., 1828); Peregrins Gastmahl (1830); Thomas a Scrupulis (1835) ; Die Jwte-Miliew in der deutschen Philosophic gegenwdrtiger Zeit (1838) ; Der letzte Symbolilcer (1844) ; and Grundriss der Metaphysilc (1848). GURLEY, Ralph Randolph, an American cler- gyman and philanthropist, born at Lebanon, Conn., May 26, 1797, died in Washington, D. C., July 30, 1872. He graduated at Yale col- lege in 1818, and soon after took up his resi- dence in Washington. He was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Baltimore, but was never ordained. In 1822 he became agent of the American colonization society, a posi- tion which he retained until his death. He visited Africa in behalf of colonization three times, under appointment of the society or of the United States government, and aided in the organization of the Liberian government. He also visited England for the purpose of se- curing English aid for African colonization. During the first ten years of his agency the annual income of the colonization society in- creased from $778 to $40,000. He delivered speeches in its behalf in all parts of the coun- try, edited the "African Repository," and be- sides many reports wrote " The Life of J. Ash- mun " (Washington, 1835), " Mission to Eng- land for the American Colonization Society " (1841), and "Life and Eloquence of Rev. S. Lamed " (New York, 1844). GURNARD, an acanthopterous fish belonging to the family of sclerogenida or " mailed cheeks," characterized by a prolongation of the subor- bital bones forward across the cheek, and im- movably articulated behind with the pre-oper- culum ; the muzzle is also formed by a firm union of the frontal and other bones ; and all these parts present a hard granulated appear- ance, often armed with spines. The gurnards belong to the genera trigla (Linn.) and priono- tus (Cuv.), the latter being peculiar to Amer- ica. In the genus trigla, in addition to the family characters, the body is scaly ; there are two dorsal fins, the first spinous, the second flexible ; the pectorals are moderate, and be- neath them and at the base are three detached articulated rays on each side; branchiostegal rays seven ; head of a parallelopiped form ; teeth small and villiform on the jaws and pharyngeals ; lateral line straight to the caudal, where it forks, variously armed with spiny scales. The gray gurnard or grunter (T. gur- nardm, Linn.) grows to a length of 15 to 20 in., and rarely to 2 ft. ; the body is more elon- gated and the snout longer than in most other species; the descending line of the profile is nearly straight; the snout is shovel -shaped, slightly emarginated, having on the top i-itrht hard bony points; the head and shoulders granulated, and armed with spines; lateral line sharply serrated, and the dorsal scales