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 316 GUISE GUIZOT oral at Blois, and demanded to be appointed high constable and general-in-chief of the king- dom. The royal authority was placed in the utmost danger, when Henry caused Guise to be assassinated by some of the royal body guard. The duke's brother, the cardinal of Guise, who had participated in all his plans, was privately despatched in the following night. IV. Charles de Lorraine, fourth duke of Guise, son of the preceding, born in 1571, died in 1640. After the assassination of his father he was imprisoned at Tours, whence he escaped in 1591, and went to Paris. In the intrigues of the league he took part against the duke of Mayenne. The estates of Paris were at one time disposed to marry him to a Spanish infanta, and raise him to the throne. Subsequently he went over to Henry IV., who made him governor of Provence. Under Louis XIII. he joined the party of Maria de' Medici, and was obliged to take refuge in Italy, where he died. V. Henri II. de Lorraine, fifth duke of Guise, son of the preceding, born in Blois, April 4, 1614, died June 2, 1664. Being a younger son, he first entered the church ; at 12 he possessed nine abbeys; at 15 he was promoted to the archbishopric of Rheims ; but on the death of his elder brother he gave up a profession ill suited to his character, and when his father died in 1640 he was put in posses- sion of the title of duke of Guise. His many follies and love adventures gave him notoriety. He meanwhile took part with the opponents of Richelieu, was sentenced to death in 1641, and fled to Belgium, where he married the countess of Bossut. After the death of Louis XIII. he returned to France, and indulged in every excess, distinguishing himself occasionally in battle by his bravery. About this time he fell in love with a Mile, de Pons, and in order to bring about his union with her he went to Rome to solicit the dissolution of his former marriage. While there, hearing of the revolt in Naples under Masaniello, he resolved to conquer a throne which he could offer to his mistress. At the head of 20 followers, he left Rome Dec. 13, 1647, embarked on a felucca, and landed at Naples amid the applause of the population; but his overbearing manner soon disgusted the Neapolitans, who deserted him and delivered their city into the hands of the Spaniards. He was taken prisoner, April 6, 1648, carried to Spain, and kept in confinement till 1652. In 1(>54, with the help of the French government, he sailed again for Naples, but entirely failed in his enterprise. Returning to France, he was appointed grand chamberlain, and passed the rest of his life at the court. A narra- tive of his first expedition to Naples was pub-, lished by his secretary, Sainctyon, under the title of Memoires de feu M, le due de Guise, nontenant son entreprise sur le royaume de Naples jusgu^d sa prison (4to, 1668). VI. Louis Joseph de Lorraine, sixth and last duke of Guise, nephew of the preceding, born in 1630, died in 1671. He succeeded his uncle in 1664, and married the daughter of Gaston, duke of Orleans. He died childless, and the title and estates of Guise passed to Marie de Lorraine, j daughter of the fourth duke, who died in 1688 without having been married. VII. Louis de Lorraine, cardinal de Guise, brother of le Bala- i fr6, born at Dampierre in 1555, assassinated at Blois, Dec. 24, 1588. He became archbishop of Rheims in 1574, and cardinal in 1578. He played a prominent part in the intrigues of the league, and made himself especially odious to Henry III. At the states general of Blois, in 1588, he presided over the clergy, found fault with the king's speech, and forced him to alter several passages. He was assassinated by order of the king. VIII. Louis de Lorraine, cardinal de Guise, nephew of the fifth duke, born about 1580, died in 1621. He entered the church, although his inclination was for a military career, and in 1615 became archbishop of Rheims and cardinal. In 1621 he accompa- nied the king in an expedition to Poitou, where he died. By Charlotte des Essarts, one. of the mistresses of Henry IV., he had five children. It is said that he was secretly married to her, and that among his papers was found a dis- pensation from the pope granting permission for the marriage. GUITAR (Gr. Kt66.pa Span, guitarra), a musi- cal stringed instrument, chiefly used to accom- pany the voice. It was known to the Egyp- tians in a form somewhat similar to that in present use for more than 15 centuries before the Christian era, and was probably introduced into Europe in modern times by the Spaniards, who derived it from the Moors. The Spanish guitar consists of a hollow wooden body of a somewhat oval form, about 18 in. in length by 4 in depth, and of a neck of 16 in., having a finger board with 17 frets. The strings, six in number, generally tuned E, A, D, G, B, E, are distended along the instrument, passing over a bridge at the lower end of the body, and being regulated by pegs at the upper end of the neck. They are set in vibration by the fingers of the right hand, while the left is employed to produce the modulations of tone by pressing against the frets on the finger board. GUIZOT. I. Francois Pierre Gnillaume, a French statesman and historian, born in Nimes, Oct. 4, 1787. His father, a Calvinist and a distin- guished lawyer, having died on the scaffold in 1794, he was taken by his mother to Geneva, where he received a classical education. In 1805 he went to Paris with a view to the study of law, but soon became engrossed in literary pursuits. He began to contribute largely to journals and periodicals, and ex- hibited a strength and maturity of intellect which soon brought him into notice. In 1809 he published his first work, entitled Nouveau dictionnaire des synonymes francais (2 vols. 8vo), which was followed by Annales de Vedu- cation, De Vetat des beaux arts en France et du salon de 1810, an annotated translation (from various pens) of Gibbon's " Decline and