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 GUERICKE GUEROULT 1829. He was an opponent of the union be- tween the Protestant churches in Prussia, and was dismissed from the university in 1835, but resumed his academical functions in 1840. He afterward edited the Zeitschrift fur lutherische Theologie, in concert with Rudelbach. His principal works are : Historisch-kritische Ein- leitung in das Neue Testament (1843), the second part of which appeared in Leipsic in 1854 under the title of Gesammtgeschichte des Neuen* Testaments, oder Neutestamentliche Isa- gogik (3d ed., 1868); Allgemeine christlicJie Symbolilc (3d ed., 1861) ; LeJirbuch der christ- lichen Archaologie (1847; 2d ed., 1859); and Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte (9th ed., 3 vols., 1867). The last named work has been translated by Prof. Shedd (Andover, 1857). GUERICKE, Otto von, a German natural phi- losopher, born in Magdeburg, Nov. 20, 1602, died in Hamburg, May 11, 1686. He was for 35 years burgomaster of Magdeburg. In 1650 he invented the air pump, subsequently perfected by Robert Boyle and others. He illustrated the force of atmospheric pressure by fitting to- gether two hollow brass hemispheres, which, after the air within them had been exhausted, could not be pulled apart. He also invented a species of barometer. As an astronomer he was one of the first to express the opinion that the return of comets might be calculated. He published several treatises in natural philoso- phy, of which Experiments Nova, ut vacant Magdeburgica, &c. (Amsterdam, 1672), con- tains his experiments on a vacuum. U KU I. Jean Baptiste I'aiilin. a French painter, born in Toulon, March 25, 1783, died in Paris, Jan. 16, 1855. He was the son of a locksmith, and at first made a living as a workman. Hav- ing saved enough money to go to Paris, he ac- cepted a menial office in the studio of Gerard, where he secretly executed a large picture, " Cain after the Death of Abel," which was purchased by the government. Among his paintings, some of which are mythological, while most of them are of a religious charac- ter, are the " Descent from the Cross," which was presented to the Roman Catholic cathedral in Baltimore, U. S., by Louis XVIII. ; " An- chises and Venus," purchased by the French government in 1822 ; and "Adam and Eve ex- pelled from the Garden of Eden," one of the masterpieces of the French school. He left also many portraits, those of Charles X. and Lamennais among the number. GtERIN-MENEYILLE, Felix Edonard, a French naturalist, born in Toulon, Oct. 12, 1799, died in Paris early in 1874. He studied under Cu- vier, and became in 1850 professor of entomol- ogy at the college de France, and subsequently was inspector general of silk culture. His works include Iconographie du R&gne animal de M. le baron Guvier (7 vols., 1830-'44); Magasin de zoologie, d'anatomie com.paree et de paleontoUgie (26 vols., 1831-'44); and Genera des insectes (6 vols., 1835). A. Percheron was associated with him in the last named publica- tion, and Eugene Robert in the Guide de Vele- veur des vers d soie (1856). GUERNSEY, the westernmost of the Channel islands, belonging to Great Britain, and lying in the English channel, 28 m. from the N. W. coast of France, and 65 m. from England, be- tween lat. 49 24' and 49 33' N., and Ion. 2 30' and 2 40' W. ; area, 25 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 30,593. The surface toward the north is low and level, but toward the south is hilly. The coast is deeply indented with ex- cellent harbors, and in some places rises into precipitous cliffs 270 ft. high. The climate, though variable, is temperate and healthy. The soil is fertile, but agriculture is generally in a backward state. The principal produc- tions are wheat, barley, oats, rye, potatoes, fruit, cider, wine, butter, pigs, and cattle. The most important exports are apples, cider, wine, potatoes, and granite. The inhabitants are a simple and thrifty race, and speak a dialect of that Norman French which has been obsolete for centuries save in these islands. The mili- tary government is vested in a lieutenant gov- ernor, who represents the sovereign in the assembly of the states. The legislative body, called the states, is composed of 32 members, two of whom are appointed by the crown. The states vote the ordinary expenses, but new taxes must be sanctioned by the crown. Victor Hugo resides in this island. Capital, St. Peter Port, or Peter-le-port. GUERNSEY, an E. county of Ohio, drained by branches of Muskingum river ; area, 460 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 23,838. It has a hilly surface, with a soil of moderate fertility, and abound- ing in coal. The slopes afford good pasturage, and in many places are covered with vineyards from which wine is produced. It is traversed by the central Ohio division of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 175,051 bushels of wheat, 685,758 of Indian corn, 325,676 of oats, 81,885 of po- tatoes, 696,183 Ibs. of butter, 617,551 of wool, 474,178 of tobacco, and 31,376 tons of hay. There were 7,047 horses, 6,411 milch cows, 8,673 other cattle, 151,848 sheep, and 15,222 swine ; 13 manufactories of carriages and wag- ons, 10 of saddlery and harness, 2 of salt, 2 of sashes, doors, and blinds, 6 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 2 of woollen goods, 6 flour mills, 6 saw mills, 7 tanneries, and 5 cur- rying^establishments. Capital, Cambridge. GUEROULT, Adolphe, a French journalist, born at Radepont, Jan. 29, 1810, died in Paris, July 22, 1872. He was the son of a wealthy manu- facturer, and early devoted himself to literary pursuits and to the advocacy of St. Simonism. He was the correspondent of the Journal des Debate in Spain and in Italy for many years. In 1842-'7 he was consul at Mazatlnn, and in ' 1847-'8 at Jassy ; and in 1852 he became sub- chief of the credit fonder. As a member of the corps legislatif (1863-'9) and as the editor- in-chief of the Opinion nationale, which he founded in 1859, he exerted great influence