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 GUELPHS AND GHIBELLINES GUERIOKE 297 German emperors. The pope, irritated by German opposition in the matter of the inves- titures, declared for the Guelphs. The Lom- bard cities formed their league in favor of the Guelphic princes, while a similar league, under the patronage especially of Pavia, declared for the Hohenstaufen, by this time better known the Ghibellines. The latter prevailed for ly years. The emperor Frederick Barba- notwithstanding the efforts of Pope Alex- ider III., took Milan, and reduced the whole Lombardy. The contest was resumed under lerick II. His grandson Conradin was the 3t of the race of Hohenstaufen. The Ghibel- les had rallied about this unfortunate prince, rho, at the age of 16, was beheaded at Naples order of his perfidious enemy, Charles of ' HI (1268). The Guelphs meanwhile had . driven from both of their German duchies, grandson of Henry the Lion, Otho the lild, had done homage to Frederick II. in 235. He had been thereafter created by this iperor duke of Brunswick, and held some mant of his ancestors' estates as fiefs of the ipire. From him were descended the reign- houses of England, Hanover, and Bruns- Twenty years later the contest became it a private feud of various Italian factions; families sometimes in the same city. In 1259 the marquis of Este, a Guelph, triumphed >ver a Ghibelline faction of Verona, headed by iJzzelino the Ferocious. (See EZZELINO.) At tilan, in 1277, the Torriani, Guelphic chiefs, rere compelled to surrender power to the Vis- itis, representing the Ghibellines. At Flor- ence, in 1258, Silvestro de' Medici, of a Guelph- ic faction known then as the blacks (neri), against the whites (bianchi), by which name the Ghibellines had come to be designated, de- >rived the family of the Uberti of their power, id gave to the Florentines a republican gov- iment. Pisa, after a disastrous war with moa, fell under the domination of the Guelphs rat 1284, but only for a time. Rome, in the le of Rienzi (middle of the 14th century), for rears vacillated between oligarchy and democ- 3y, Ghibellines and Guelphs, as those factions rere now designated. In general the former rere partisans of imperial and feudal hierarchy ; le latter of the church and national indepen- ice. Their contests, after desolating Italy 400 years, yielded to self-exhaustion. The rench invasion of 1494 was mainly instru- ental, however, in diverting the national lind, and interrupting a party spirit unsur- " in the histories of obstinate and cruel )mestic wars. In 1815, shortly after Hano- was erected into a kingdom, the prince re- it, afterward George IV. of Great Britain, honor of the Guelphic founders of the louse of Brunswick-Hanover, established an ler of knighthood, known as the Guelphic ler of Hanover. The insignia are a cross of )ld, bearing a medallion, on the red field of r hich is a silver horse upon a green mound inople) ; the motto is : Nee aspera terrent. GUENOX. See MONKEY. GUEPARD. See LEOPARD. GUERANDE, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Loire-Inferieure, 38 m. N. W. of Nantes ; pop. in 1866, 6,749. It is now 3 m. from the sea, but it once had a harbor and was a place of importance. It is surrounded by massive walls flanked with imposing tow- ers, and has four gates. In the environs are extensive salt marshes, which are below the level of the sea and are protected by dikes, through which the water is admitted at high tide into basins and evaporated. The annual production of salt is over 80,000 tons. Gue- rande has also manufactories of cotton and linen goods, herring fisheries, and a brisk trade in wine. It was founded in the 6th century, and was fortified in 1431. GUERAZZI. See GUERRAZZI. GUERCINO (GIOVANNI FRANCESCO BARBIERI), an Italian painter, born at Cento, near Ferrara, in 1590, died in Bologna in 1666. An acci- dent deprived him in infancy of the use of his right eye, whence he gained his name Guercino (little squint-eye). While a boy he manifested a remarkable talent for painting, and accord- ing to common report became a disciple of the Carraccis at Bologna, although Cremonini and Benedetti Gennari, artists of little note, seem to have been the masters from whom he acquired chiefly the rudiments of the art. Writers have distinguished three different styles in Guer- cino's paintings, of the first of which few speci- mens are to be found, being the least known, while the second and third embrace the great- er portion of his works. His earlier pictures show the influence of Caravaggio ; but by in- tercourse with prominent artists of other schools he formed what is known as his second style. In this style are painted his " St. Pe- tronilla," formerly in St. Peter's; the "Au- rora," at the villa Ludovisi ; "St. Philip of Neri," at Rome; the "Resurrection," at Cento; "St. Helena," at Venice; and above all his frescoes on the dome of the cathedral at Piacenza. His third style, a palpable imita- tion of Guido, is feeble and languid. He was exceedingly industrious, and among his works are enumerated 106 altarpieces, 144 large com- positions, and an immense number of Madon- nas, portraits, and landscapes. He also left nu- merous drawings. He founded a school, which flourished for a number of years at Cento. CUE* RET, a town of France, capital of the de- partment of Creuse, near the left bank of the Creuse, 35 m. N. E. of Limoges; pop. in 1866, 5,126. It has a communal college, normal school, public library, and museum ; manufacto- ries of combs, bone black, buttons, and potash ; distilleries and tanneries ; and a brisk trade in coal, lumber, butter, and fruits. Gueret was built around an abbey founded about 720. GUERICKE, Heinrieh Ernst Ferdinand, a Ger- man theologian, born at Wettin, Prussia, Feb. 23, 1803. He graduated at the university of Halle, and was appointed professor there in