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 206 GREECE eluding the interest on the loans contracted in 1824 and 1825, which has not been paid, the former since July, 1826, the latter since Janu- ary, 1827). The floating debt, according to semi-official returns, amounted in January, 1870, to $6,900,000, but there is also an un- recognized debt of several millions. By the new law of recruitment of 1867, the liability to military service is universal. The armed forces consist of the army and the national guard. The duty of serving in the army be- gins with the 20th year, and lasts 12 years (three years in the line, three in the first, and six in the second reserve). If necessary, all Greeks capable of bearing arms, up to the age of 40, can be enlisted in the army. In the na- tional guard, which is to be employed for the defence of the country in time of war, all citi- zens must serve from the 18th to the 50th year of age. The strength of the army in 1871 Modern Greek Costume. was 12,400 men on a peace footing, and about 48,000 men in time of war, including the vol- unteers; the national guard numbers about 90,000 men; and the total strength of the army on a war footing would therefore be about 138,000 men. The navy at the close of 1871 consisted of 2 iron frigates, 8 screw steamers, and 11 sailing vessels, with an ag- gregate of 200 guns and 2,500 men. The navy is manned by conscription from the inhabi- tants of the seacoast; but volunteering is greatly encouraged by the government. In the population of Greece but a small foreign element is mingled. The number of those not speaking the Greek as their native tongue amounted in 1870 to only 67,941, of whom 37,598 were Albanese (Arnauts), 1,217 Ma- cedo-Wallachs, and 29,126 others. The im- mense majority of the population are connected with the Orthodox (Greek) church ; the num- ber of other Christians, chiefly Roman Cath- olics, in 1870, was 12,585 ; of Jews, 2,582 ; of all others, 917. The affairs of the Orthodox church are under the direction of a permanent holy synod at Athens, consisting of five mem- bers appointed by the king from the arch- bishops and bishops, and presided over by the metropolitan of Athens. All their resolu- tions must be confirmed by the king. The Orthodox church has 15 archbishops, the first of whom is the archbishop of Athens, who has the title of metropolitan, and 16 bishops. The archbishops and bishops are presented for their office by the synod, and confirmed and ap- pointed by the king. Exclusive of the Ionian islands, the church has about 3,200 secular priests, 1,600 monks, and 1,500 nuns. For- merly the number of convents was much great- er, but in 1829 about 300 were closed and their estates appropriated for churches and schools. The Roman Catholic church has two arch- bishops (Naxos and Corfu) and four bishops. All religions are tolerated and have freedom of public worship. Instruction in Greece is compulsory for all children from 5 to 12 years; but the attendance at the primary schools is unsatisfactory, for in 1869 the 1,141 public and private primary schools numbered only 60,634 pupils, being 4'3 per cent, of the total popu- lation. The secondary instruction in 1870 em- braced 15 gymnasia and 114 Hellenic schools (corresponding to the German Realschuleri), with an aggregate attendance of 7,780 pupils ; and 23 private institutions, with 1,589 pupils. The national university at Athens has four faculties, the theological, law, medical, and philosophical, and in 1869 was attended by 1,205 students. Of special schools, there are a polytechnic school at Athens, four theo- logical schools of the Orthodox church, six nautical schools, one agricultural school, and one military academy at the Piraeus. For an account of Greek art, see ARCHITECTURE, PAINTING, and SCULPTURE. On the geography of Greece, see William Smith, "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography " (2 vols. 8vo, London and Boston, 1854-'7), and the works of Mannert, Leake, Rangabe, E. Curtius, Hett- ner, Blouet, W. G. Clark, Linton, Bayard Tay- lor, Wordsworth, Perigot, Joanne, and Manso- las. On ancient history and archaaology, see Grote, "A History of Greece" (12 vols. 8vo, London, 1846-'56 ; 12 vols. 12mo, New York) ; E. Curtius, Griechische GescMchte (1857-'67 ; English translation, London, 1868-'73); Cox, "History of Greece" (London, 1874); and besides the classical writers, the works of Goldsmith, Gillies, Thirlwall, Pococke, Glad- stone, Heeren, Bockh, Manso, Droysen, Dunck- er, O. Miiller, Hermann, Schomann, Wachs- muth, Kortiim, Mitford, Clinton, Mure, and Felton. On mediaeval and modern Greece, see BrUnet de Presle, La Gr&ce romaine, Byzan- tine, turgue et regeneree (Paris, 1860) ; Tucker- man, " The Greeks of To-day " (New York,