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 L52 GRANIER N. W. of Mt. Ida, and emptying into the Pro- pontis after a N. E. course of 50 or 60 m. It is famous as the scene of the first decisive victory of Alexander the Great over the Per- sians, 334 B. 0. GRAM KB, Adolphe Bernard, commonly called A. GRANIER DE OASBAGNAC, a French journal- ist, born in the department of Gers about 1806. He was educated at the college of Toulouse, and began his career at Paris in 1832, by wri- ting literary criticisms for the Journal des De- bats and the Revue de Paris. The asperity of his articles displeased Bertin, editor of the De- bats, and Granier joined the Presse, then just founded by Girardin. In this journal he de- fended Victor Hugo and the romantic school, and wrote severe criticisms upon Racine. A collection of these articles was published in 1852 under the title of Portraits litteraires. In 1837 he published Histoire des classes ounrieres et des classes bourgeoises, and in 1840 Histoire des classes nobles et des classes anoblies. He also wrote pamphlets in defence of slavery, by which he recommended himself to the planters of Martinique and Guadeloupe ; and in 1840 he made a visit to the "West Indies, of which an ac- count was given in his Voyage aux Antilles (2 vols., 1842-'4). While there he married Mile. Beauvallon, a Creole. On his return to Paris he became editor of the Globe. His conduct of this journal involved him in various contro- versies and duels. In 1845 his brother-in-law Beauvallon, who was employed upon the same paper, killed Dujarrier, the manager of the Presse, in a duel, and was prosecuted for having nsed unfair means. He was acquitted, but was afterward convicted of having procured his ac- quittal with false witnesses. Granier de Cas- sagnac testified on these trials in behalf of his brother-in-law, and his character was compro- mised by their result. The Globe having been discontinued in 1846, he founded an ultra-con- servative journal called ISfipoque, which exist- ed for two years. He was then sent by Guizot to found a journal at Rome for the promotion of French interests. On the breaking out of the revolution of 1848 he returned to France, but did not go to Paris till 1850. He was a de- clared opponent of the republic and a devoted adherent of Louis Napoleon. He became in 1850 the principal editor of the Pouvoir, then a regular contributor to the Constitutionnel, mul in 1857 founded the Reveil. This survived but a year, and he then assumed the direction of the Pays. The next paper which he edited was UKcho, which in 1863 was merged in the Nation. In 1866 he resumed the direction of the Pays. He was four times elected to the chamber of deputies, as a government candi- d.it,-. lH52-'69. In the chamber he was a vio- lent partisan of the government. In 1868 he <>fr<l with six of his colleagues against a law which was favorable to the press, and replied to ar-L-nMirnts advanced by Picard and Ollivier in relation to it with a challenge to fight. Both he and his son, Paul de Oassagnac, be- GRANITE came notorious for the great number of con- troversies, duels, and broils in which they were engaged. After the French reverses in the war of 1870-'71 he resided partly at Wilhelms- hohe and partly at Brussels. After the res- toration of peace he returned to Paris and wrote occasionally for the Pays. In 1873 he published Histoire des origines de la langue francaise, in which he contended, as he had done in the Presse in 1836 and in his Antiquite des patois : anteriorite de la langue francaise sur le latin (1859), that the French was spoken in Gaul before Latin was introduced. He has also published Histoire des causes de la revolu- tion francaise (1850 ; 2d ed., 3 vols., 1856); His- toire du directoire (3 vols., 1851-'6) ; Histoire de la chute du roi Louis Philippe, de la repu- blique de 1848 et du retablissement de V empire (2 vols., 1857); Histoire des Girondins et des massacres de septembre (2 vols., 1860) ; and UEmpereur et la democratic moderne (1861). GRANITE, a hard firm rock, made up essen- tially of crystalline grains of feldspar and quartz, deriving its name from its granular structure. The typical granites are generally described as composed of a potash feldspar (orthoclase), quartz, and mica ; but there are similar rocks which entirely lack the mica, and others in which it is replaced by hornblende. To this latter combination some writers give the name of syenite, but this term appears to have been originally employed to designate a rock composed of hornblende with a soda feldspar (albite, oligoclase, or labradorite), and ^without quartz, being identical with what by other authors is called diorite. It seems bet- ter therefore to follow the example of certain German lithologists, who define granite as a binary aggregate of orthoclase feldspar and quartz, in which mica and hornblende may be present as accidental minerals, giving rise to micaceous and hornblendic granite, while the variety from which they are both absent is termed normal or binary granite. In some cases a chloritic mineral, often confounded with talc, takes the place of mica, and gives rise to what has been called protogine or talcose gran- ite. The color of the feldspar of granite is generally white, gray, or reddish, while the quartz is either colorless or somewhat smoky, the hornblende greenish black, and the mica varies in color from nearly white to brownish or blackish. Associated with the orthoclase, some granites contain portions of a soda feld- spar, which may be either albite or oligoclase, distinguished from the former by its whitp or greenish-white color, which often contrasts with the reddish tint of the orthoclase. There are various degrees of fineness in the texture of granites, and some of them, which have large crystals of orthoclase imbedded in a finely granular mixture of the constituent minerals, are called porphyritic granites. Geologically granite is described as an unstratified rock, from the fact that it wants the banded or strat- ified structure which characterizes gneiss, ft