Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VIII.djvu/138

 130 GOULD completed a set of maps of the stars visible with the naked eye from his observatory, with their positions and magnitudes, and afterward undertook a series of zone observations of southern stars. Up to April 15, 1874, the great number of 83,000 stars had been observed. Prof. Gould's principal works are: "Report on the Discovery of the Planet Neptune " (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1850); " Investigation of the Orbit of Comet V." (Washington, 1847); "Discussions of Obser- vations made by the United States Astrono- mical Expedition to Chili, to determine the Solar Parallax" (Washington, 1856); "Dis- cussion on the Statistics of the United States Sanitary Commission ;" and the charts of stars already named, with others of scarcely less im- portance. In 1849 he founded at Cambridge, Mass., the "Astronomical Journal," the ex- penses of which were long borne by himself and a few friends. He continued to conduct it until its suspension in 1861. GOULD, Hannah Flagg, an American poetess, born at Lancaster, Mass., in 1789, died at Newburyport, Sept. 5, 1865. She was a fre- quent contributor to periodical literature, and published a volume of poems in 1832, a second in 1836, and a third in 1841. Her other books are : " Gathered Leaves," a collection of prose sketches (1846); "The Diosma," containing original and selected poems (1850) ; " The Youth's Coronal" (1851); "The Mother's Dream, and other Poems" (1853); and "Hymns and Poems for Children" (1854). GOULD, John, an English naturalist, born in Lyme, Dorsetshire, Sept. 14, 1804. Between the ages of 14 and 20 he resided at the royal gardens at Windsor, studying the habits of birds and collecting specimens. He was after- ward engaged to prepare specimens for the museum of the London zoological society, and published " A Century of Birds from the Him- alayan Mountains," with illustrations by his wife (fol., London, 1832). He next published "The Birds of Europe " (1832-7). In 1838 he went to Australia, where he resided two years, collecting materials for his "Birds of Australia," also illustrated by his wife (7 vols. fol., 1842-'8), and for the " Mammals of Aus- tralia" (1845-'59). His "Monograph of the Trochilida " (fol., 1850) was suggested by his unrivalled collection of humming birds, of which he had procured 2,000 specimens, illus- trating 320 species. Among his remaining Monograph of the Macropodid, or Family of Kangaroos" (1841-'2) ; "Monograph of the Odontophorinre, or Partridges of America" (1844-'50) ; a supplement to the " Birds of Australia," containing species recently discov- ered ; and a " Handbook to the Birds of Aus- tralia," giving all the information on the sub- ject to the close of 1865. In 1873 he was pre- paring works on Asiatic and on British birds. GOUR GOUNOD, Charles Francois, a French composer, born in Paris, June 17, 1818. He studied counterpoint at the Paris conservatory under Hal6vy, receiving also instructions in composi- tion from Lesueur and Paer. In 1837 he re- ceived the second prize of the institute, and in 1839 *he obtained the first premium for his cantata Fernand. In consequence of this suc- cess he became privileged to pursue his train- ing at Rome at the government expense, and there devoted himself to ecclesiastical mu- sic. In 1843 he visited Vienna, where he pro- cured the performance, in the church of St. Paul, of a mass for voices only, in the style of Palestrina. Returning to Paris, he was appoint- ed musical director at the church of the Mis- sions Etrangeres. Here he adopted the mo- nastic garb, and remained in obscurity till 1851. On April 16, 1851, he produced unsuccessfully his first opera, entitled Sappho. In 1852 some choruses, written for M. Ponsard's classical tragedy Ulysse, were performed at the Theatre Francais. In October, 1854, La nonne san- glante, a grand opera, was performed unsuccess- fully, as was in 1858 an attempt at comic opera, consisting of a musical setting of Moliere's Medecin malgre lui. On March 19, 1859, was- produced at the Theatre Lyrique the work on which Gounod's reputation chiefly rests, Faust. This was succeeded by Philemon et Baucis, a three-act opera ; La reine de Sala, a grand opera ; Mirella, an Italian version of the French Mireille ; and Romeo e Oiulietta. In addition to these works, he has composed masses, psalms, and motets, for single and double cho- rus. Among the most praiseworthy of his compositions of this class are his " St. Cecilia Mass " and a setting of the psalm "By. the Waters of Babylon." Of late years he has lived principally in London. GOUR, Ganr, or Lneknonti, a ruined city of Bengal, British India, 179 m. N. of Calcutta. Its remains are spread over a range of low hills which extend along the E. bank of the Bhagruttee, and cover a space 7 m. long (15 m. including suburban villages) by 2 or 3 m. broad. Many of the buildings have been de- molished for the sake of the bricks of which they were constructed, but several grand edi- fices are still standing. Of these the most remarkable are a mosque, built of brick, and lined with a kind of black porphyry, a curious building faced with bricks of various colors, an obelisk 100 ft. high, numerous reservoirs, and two lofty gates of the citadel. Several villages have grown up on part of the site, and the rest is mainly covered with forests or is under cul- tivation. The earliest record of Gour dates from 648, when it was governed by indepen- dent chieftains. At the beginning of the 13th century it was taken by an officer of the vice- roy of Delhi under Shahal ud-Din, monarch of Ghore in Afghanistan; and in 1212 it be- came the capital of Bengal, an eminence which it retained, except during an interval of about 50 years previous to 1409, until the British