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 818 GIOCONDO GIORGIONE charging both of these philosophers with ten- dencies to pantheism; Del ~buono (1843), in which he applies his philosophical system to ethics ; Apologia del libra intitolato II Gesuita moderno (Paris and Brussels, 1848) ; and Ope- rette politiche (2 vols., Lugano, 1851). A uni- form edition of his earlier works was published at Brussels (9 vols., 1843-'5). The edition of his posthumous works, edited by G. Massari (Paris and Turin, 1856), has never been completed. GIOCONDO, or Jocondns, Fra Giovanni, an Ital- ian architect, born in Verona about 1450, died in Rome about 1530. He was a Dominican friar, studied archeology in Rome, and collect- ed in that city upward of 2,000 ancient inscrip* tions, which he presented to Lorenzo de' Me- dici. He designed the fortifications of Treviso, saved the lagoons of Venice from inundation by diverting the waters to the sea near Chiog- gia, and in 1494-'8 was architect to the empe- ror Maximilian at Verona, where he built the palace of the council and the church of Sta. Maria della Scale. In 1500-'7 he was em- ployed by Louis XII. in building the bridges (since restored) of Notre Dame and of the H6- tel Dieu: He afterward constructed in Ven- ice a great warehouse on the rialto, known as the Fondaco de' Tedeschi, for which Titian and Giorgione made decorations; but the greater part of it being destroyed by fire in 1514, he left Venice because the authorities, instead of permitting him to rebuild it in stone, ordered another structure of wood by an in- ferior architect. Bramante dying in the same year, Giocondo was appointed by the pope to succeed him as architect of St. Peter's, and labored on that grand edifice simultaneously with Raphael. He instructed Scaliger in Latin and Greek, and was proficient in philosophy, theology, and classical literature. Having been the first to prepare a design of Julius Cesar's bridge across the Rhine, he wrote notes on the latter's " Commentaries," which were issued in 1517 by Aldus Manutius the elder, who also published (1508-'14) Pliny's correspondence with Trajan, which Giocondo had discovered while in Paris. GIOJA, or Gioja dal Colle, a town of Italy, in the province of Bari, situated on the crest of the E. branch of the Apennines, on the road from Bari to Taranto, 18 m. E. by S. of Altamura ; pop. in 1862, 17,005. It derives great pros- perity from the rich local products of cereals and oil. The outskirts were in former times covered with woods, which the emperor Fred- erick II. enclosed for a park. There is also a town of Gioja on the W. coast of Calabria, which gives its name to a gulf. GIOJA, Flavio. See COMPASS, vol. v., p. 186. GIOJA, Melcuiorre, an Italian political econ- omist, born in Piacenza, Sept. 20, 1767, died in Milan, Jan. 2, 1829. He studied in his na- tive city at the college Alberoni, and received holy orders. He lived in retirement till the changes caused in Italy by the victories of Na- poleon. The institute of the Cisalpine republic having proposed the question, " "Which of all free governments is the best for Italy ? " he answered, " The republican," in a dissertation which obtained the prize. He was subsequent- ly appointed historiographer of the state. His liberal views caused him a temporary imprison- ment in 1799. Having lost his situation as historiographer by a treatise on divorce (1803), and been removed from the board of statistics on account of articles criticising the manage- ment of public affairs, he revenged himself by a sarcastic article entitled Ilpovero diawlo, in consequence of which he was obliged to leave Italy. He was recalled after some years, and intrusted with the elaboration of the statistics of the kingdom of Italy. Suspected of parti- cipation in the liberal movements of 1820, he was arrested by the Austrian government, but set free after eight months' imprisonment. He was a disciple of Bentham and Locke, and his numerous work son political economy are among the best in the Italian language. GIORDANO, Luca, an Italian painter, born in Naples in 1632, died there, Jan. 12, 1705. He studied at first under Ribera, and afterward went to Rome and studied under Pietro da Cortona. He painted with unequalled rapid- ity ; which circumstance, as well as his nick- name of Fa Presto, was perhaps due to the avarice of his father, an inferior artist, who in Luca's youth sold his works at a high price, and was continually urging him on with the words, Luca, fa presto ("Luca, make haste"). He visited Parma, Venice, Bologna, and Flor- ence, leaving everywhere products of his tal- ent and facility. Invited to Madrid by Charles II., he remained in Spain a number of years, and executed an immense number of frescoes in the Escurial, and in the churches and pal- aces of Madrid, Toledo, &c. The skill with which he imitated the manner of other artists gained him the title of the Proteus of painting. Among the most admired of his numerous works are the " Triumph of the Church Mili- tant" in the Escurial, the "Virgin and the Child Jesus " in the Pitti palace at Florence, and the "Judgment of Paris " in the Louvre. GIORGIONE (GIORGIO BAEBAEELLI), one of the founders of the Venetian school of color- ists, born at Castelfranco, near Treviso, in 1477, died of the plague in 1511. He was called Giorgione, according to Lanzi, from a certain grandeur conferred upon him by nature, no less of mind than of form. He was educated in the school of the Bellini at Venice, where Titian was one of his fellow students ; but fol- lowing the bent of his genius, he broke away from their stiff and constrained manner, and formed a style of his own, distinguished by boldness of outline, grace and expression in the countenances as well as the motions of his figures, well graduated and rich coloring, and effective chiaroscuro. The last of these he probably acquired by studying the works of Leonardo da Vinci, although he approaches the style of Correggio more nearly than that