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 812 GILLRAY GILMER They were the black " barrel " pens, and were very stiff and scratchy compared with the quills which they were intended to supersede. In 1820 Gillott made the first great improvement by cutting three slits instead of one, which gave an immediate impetus to the trade. Then by the introduction of machinery he greatly reduced the price, and by successive minor im- provements made his pens still more popular, until he was able to build a large factory in Birmingham, and they were sold all over the world. The price of one steel pen when he entered business would buy 900 at the time of his death. His works now use five tons of steel weekly, and make 150,000,000 pens an- nually. Gillott acquired immense wealth, and was a connoisseur in the fine arts, having a celebrated gallery of paintings at his country residence, near Edgbaston. GILLRAY, James, an English engraver and caricaturist, born in Chelsea about 1757, died in London,- June 1, 1815. He was the son of a Chelsea pensioner, studied in the royal acade- my, and about 1784 became known as a success- ful engraver. Between 1779 and 1811 he pub- lished 1,200 caricatures, many of which were etched at once upon the copper without the assistance of drawings. The royal family and prominent cabinet ministers and politicians of the day were ridiculed by him without mercy. He died of delirium tremens. His works ap- peared singly, but a collection of them was published in London in 1830 ; an edition edited by Bohn in 1851 ; and a new and complete edition, with a " History of his Life and Times,' 1 by Thomas Wright, in 1874. OILMAN, Chandler Robbing, an American phy- sician, born at Marietta, Ohio, Sept. 6, 1802, died at Middletown, Conn., Sept. 26, 1865. During his childhood his father removed to Philadelphia. He took the degree of M. D. in 1824 at the university of Pennsylvania, and soon afterward removed to New York, where the whole of his active professional life was spent. In 1840 he was appointed professor of obstetrics and the diseases of women and chil- dren in the college of physicians and surgeons, to which was added in 1851 the subject of medical jurisprudence. In this chair Prof. Gil- man continued until his death, although for the last year or two he was incapacitated by fail- ing health. His principal publications were : a translation, prepared with the assistance of Dr. Theodore Tellkampf, of Bischoff's mono- graph "On the Periodical Discharge of the Ovum" (New York, 1847) ; " On the Relations of the Medical to the Legal Profession " (1856) ; and an edition of Beck's " Medical Jurispru- dence" (Philadelphia, 1860). GILMAN, John Taylor, an American statesman, born in Exeter, N. H., Dec. 19, 1753, died there, Sept. 1, 1828. On the morning after the news of the battle of Lexington and Con- cord reached Exeter, he marched with 100 other volunteers to Cambridge, Mass., where he served in the provincial army. Soon after, his father being made treasurer of the state, he became his assistant in the office. In 1780 he was a delegate from New Hampshire to the convention which met at Hartford to take measures for the defence of the country. In 1782 and 1783 he was a member of the conti- nental congress, and in the latter year suc- ceeded his father as treasurer of New Hamp- shire. He was one of the three commissioners appointed by the government of the old con- federation to settle the accounts of the states. In 1797 he was chosen governor, was annually reflected for 10 successive years, and again in 1813, '14, and '15, after which he declined to be a candidate. He was a zealous federalist, and his popularity in New Hampshire was so great that he was frequently chosen governor when his party was in the minority. OILMAN. I. Samuel, an American clergyman, , born in Gloucester, Mass., Feb. 16, 1791, died in Kingston, Mass., Feb. 9, 1858. He gradu- ated at Harvard college in 1811, studied the- ology, and was tutor in mathematics at Cam- bridge from 1817 to 1819, when he married Miss Caroline Howard, arid was ordained pas- tor of the Unitarian church in Charleston, S. C., in which office he remained till his death. He contributed many papers to reviews and other periodicals, on subjects connected with philosophy and general literature, and in 1856 published Jn Boston a volume of " Contribu- tions to Literature, Descriptive, Critical, and Humorous, Biographical, Philosophical, and Poetical." His other prose works are the "Memoirs of a New England Village Choir" (1829), of which three editions were issued, and the " Pleasures and Pains of a Student's Life " (1852). He translated the satires of Boileau, and published some original poems, among which are the "History of a Ray of Light," and a poem read before the Phi Beta Kappa society of Harvard college. In Charleston he took a prominent part in promoting the tem- perance cause, as well as the interests of litera- ture. II. Caroline, an American authoress, wife of the preceding, born in Boston, Oct. 8, 1794. She is a daughter of Samuel Howard of Boston. At the age of 16 she wrote a poem entitled "Jephthah's Rash Vow," and soon after an- other on " Jairus's Daughter," which was pub- lished in the "North American Review." In 1819 she married the Rev. Samuel Gilman, and removed with him to Charleston, S. C. She has published " Recollections of a New Eng- land Housekeeper," " Recollections of a South- ern Matron," "Ruth Raymond, or Love's Pro- gress," "Poetry of Travelling in the United States," "Verses of a Lifetime," "Mrs. Gil- man's Gift Book," " Oracles from the Poets " (1854), "The Sibyl, or New Oracles from the Poets " (1854), and " Stories and Poems by a Mother and Daughter " (1872). Since the civil war she has resided in Cambridge, Mass. GILMER. I. A N. W. central county of West Virginia, watered by Little Kanawha river; area, 512 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 4,338, of whom