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 ,GENOA some were exiled, others forced upon the peo- ple. The Viscontis of Milan, and at a later period the kings of France, availed themselves of these dissensions to take possession of the republic. Francis I. held it during the first part of his wars with Charles V., but in 1528 the celebrated admiral Andrea Doria delivered the state from the French, and established a new constitution, which lasted to the end of the republic. The new form of government was strictly aristocratic ; a roll of families, both plebeian and patrician, was formed, the nobility divided into the old and new ; the former com- prised the Grimaldis, Fieschi, Dorias, Spino- las, and 24 others distinguished by age, hon- ors, or riches, and the latter 437 houses, to which new families could be added ; the doge was elected for two years, and both branches of the nobility could aspire to this dignity. But the power of the state had long since de- parted; its conquests, colonies, and maritime stations were lost one after another ; the last of them, Corsica, revolted in 1730, and was ceded to France in 1768; the commerce of the seas and of the East passed successively through the hands of the Portuguese, Spaniards, Dutch, and English ; the flag of Genoa was insulted with impunity by the Mohammedan pirates of northern Africa, and its naval force was a mere shadow of the ancient fleets which awed all the shores of the Mediterranean and Black seas. The single bank of St. George (compera di San Giorgio), which had been founded in 1407, still maintained its importance as an insti- tution for loans and deposits, to which even for- eign states, and particularly Spain, were great- ly indebted. When in 1796 the French had conquered the neighboring territories, Genoa strove in vain to sustain itself by neutrality. A rising of the democratic party was sup- pressed, after several days of bloodshed, by the nobles, who were assisted by the poorest of the population ; but the French directory took the part of the democracy, and demanded a change in the constitution. This demand was supported by an army, and finally agreed to. The French garrison was taken into the city, and the state changed into the republic of Liguria, with a constitution like that of France, and some additional territory. In 1800 Genoa, under Massena, sustained a siege by the Austrians and English, and was com- pelled to capitulate to the former, who were obliged, however, to give it up after the battle of Marengo. Bonaparte, as first consul, gave it a new and less democratic constitution, which was soon abolished on the establishment of the French empire. After the coronation of Na- poleon at Milan, the last of the doges, Duraz- zo, repaired to that city, and expressed the de- sire of the people for the change ; and the de- cree of June 4, 1805, merged the republic in the empire, to form the three new departments of Genoa, Montenotte, and the Apennines. The bank of St. George, whose credit had suffered greatly by repeated loans to the state, GENOUDE 677 was abolished, and the debts of the latter were transferred to the account of France. In 1814 Genoa was occupied by the English, with whose permission the ancient constitution was reestablished. But the congress of Vienna gave Genoa as a duchy to Sardinia. In 1821 it joined for a moment the revolutionary movements of Italy. At the end of March, 1849, after the defeat of Charles Albert at Novara, and the conclusion of a truce with the Austrians, a revolutionary outbreak took place, the national guards occupied the forts, and the garrison was compelled to withdraw. A provisional government, under Avezzana, Morchio, and Eeta, was formed, and the inde- pendence of the republic was proclaimed. But a large body of Sardinian troops, under Gen. Lamarmora, soon appeared before Genoa; a bloody struggle ensued, and the forts and principal points of the city were taken by the royal soldiery. In the mean while a deputa- tion was sent to Turin, which returned with the amnesty of the king, excluding, however, the chief leaders of the movement, who had withdrawn on board the United States steam- er Princeton. On April 10 Genoa was dis- armed, and the monarchical government re- stored. Garibaldi seized two steamships in the port of Genoa in May, 1860, and thence sailed for the liberation of Sicily. Early in 1861 the territory of Genoa was made a prov- ince of the kingdom of Italy. GENOA, Tommaso Alberto Vittorc, duke of, an Italian prince, born Feb. 6, 1854. He is the son of Victor Emanuel's late brother Ferdinand, and of a Saxon princess, the duchess of Genoa (privately remarried in 1856 to her former secretary, Marquis Kapallo). He was educated at Dr. Arnold's school in England, and was brought forward in 1870 as a candidate for the throne of Spain, but his name was withdrawn at the request of Victor Emanuel. He is an offi- cer of the Italian navy, and visited China and Japan in 1873, and the United States in 1874. GENOUDE (originally GENOUD), Antoine Eugene de, a French journalist and author, born in Montelimart in February, 1792, died in Hy- eres, April 19, 1849. He was the son of a cabaret keeper. He began his career as a po- litical writer for the royalist journal Le Gon- servateur. In 1820 he founded the journal Le Defenseur, and in 1821 he bought the Etoile, which has since borne the name of La Gazette de France. He abandoned his intention of entering the priesthood when, in 1822, he was ennobled by Louis XVIII. ; but in 1835, after the death of his wife, he took orders, and began to preach in Paris. The archbishop of Paris soon ordered him to quit either preaching or journalism, and he quit preaching. In 1846 he was elected by the city of Toulouse to the chamber of deputies, where he acted with the legitimist opposition. He differed, however, in many points from the legitimist party, defend- ing universal suffrage, national representation, and legitimacy allied with popular sovereignty.