Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VII.djvu/673

 GEJ.DERLAND prepare from it artificial flowers richly col- ored to imitate the natural specimens, or pre- senting the appearance, in their glittering and semi-transparent substance, of flowers wet with dew or drenched with rain. Another ap- plication of gelatine is for taking casts or form- ing moulds of objects presenting complicated forms, for retaining which plaster is not suffi- ciently adhesive. A series of casts in imitation of ivory were produced in this substance in 1844 by M. Franchi, for which the prize of the London society of arts was awarded in 1846. He afterward obtained gelatine casts from moulds of the same substance, the lines being perfectly retained in their original sharpness. He also took casts in gelatine from flat models, which he applied to cylindrical bodies, thus saving much expense in the carving or con- struction of intricate models. Pure gelatine is colorless, transparent, inodorous, and insipid. It should be tested for smell by putting it in boiling water, as when dry the odor of glue may not be perceived. It softens and swells in cold water, but does not dissolve till heat is applied, a property which distinguishes it from fi brine and albumen. According to Bos- tock, one part of gelatine dissolved in 100 of water gelatinizes on cooling, but in 150 parts it remains liquid. When the solution is re- peatedly warmed and cooled, especially if boiled, it loses its tendency to gelatinize, and becomes more and more soluble in cold water. Gela- tine is soluble in all the dilute acids except tan- nic, in which respect it differs much from al- bumen. It is precipitated from aqueous solu- tions by excess of alcohol. Tannic acid is a very delicate test ; when added to a solution of one part of gelatine in 5,000 parts of water, it will render it cloudy ; when added to a strong solution, a dense curdy precipitate falls, which is the same substance as the basis of leather. Gelatine is rendered insoluble when mixed with chromic acid and exposed to the action of light. This property is applied in the manufac- ture of imitations of ivory, and in the repro- duction of photographic prints, according to the invention of Woodbury and Albert. Gela- tine which is obtained from the sounds of fishes is called isinglass, and an impure variety is known as glue. (See GLTJE, and ISINGLASS.) GELDERLAND, or Guelderland, a province of Holland, bounded N. W. by the Zuyder Zee, S. E. by Prussia, and on th.e other sides by the provinces of Overyssel, Utrecht, South Holland, and North Brabant ; area, 1,964 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 432,693. Its surface is more hilly than that of most of the Netherlands ; its climate is mild, but its soil, except in the river valleys, is poor. The principal streams are the Maas (sep- arating it from North Brabant), Waal, Rhine, and Yssel, on the banks of which fruit, grain, hops, potatoes, and tobacco are cultivated with considerable success, while the more sterile dis- tricts have recently been planted with timber, or are used for cattle raising. Brewing, distil- ling, and the manufacture of paper, linen, tiles, GELLIUS 661 and leather, are important branches of indus- try, and there is also an extensive transit trade. There are iron mines in the canton of Zutphen. The herring fishery is actively prosecuted on the Zuyder Zee. Arnhem, the capital, Nime- guen, Zutphen, and Harderwyk are the chief towns. Gelderland was made a county in 1079 by the emperor Henry IV., and a duchy in 1339 by Louis the Bavarian. It was governed by dukes of its own, who resided at its present capital, till 1528, when it passed into the hands of Charles V. It joined the union of Utrecht in 1579. In 1794 it was taken by the French, who held it till 1814, when it became a part of the Netherlands. A portion of upper Gel- derland (area, about 450 sq. m.), including its capital Geldern, was added to Prussia by the peace of Utrecht (1713), and now forms part of the circle of Geldern in the district of Dtts- seldorf. GELDERN, a town of Prussia, in the province of the Rhine, on the Niers, 28 m. N. W. of Diisseldorf; pop. in 1871, 5,096. It has a Catholic and a Protestant church, two con- vents, manufactures of cloth, stockings, hats, woollen, silk, and linen goods, and a consider- able trade in grain. The town was built in 1097, and was till 1343 the residence of the counts and dukes of Geldern. (See GELDER- LAND.) Its fortifications were razed by Fred- erick the Great in 1764. GELL, Sir William, an English scholar, born at Hopton, Derbyshire, in 1777, died in Naples, Feb. 4, 1836. He graduated at Cambridge in 1798, and was sent on a secret mission to the Ionian Islands. In 1814 he accompanied the princess of Wales abroad as one of her cham- berlains, and was one of the witnesses at her trial, after she had become queen. He subse- quently returned to Italy, where he sojourned till his death. He was a voluminous writer on classical antiquities. His principal works are : " The Topography of Troy and its Vicinity " (fol., 1804) ; " Itinerary of Greece, with a Com- mentary on Pausanias and Strabo" (4to, 1810) ; and "Pompeiana, or Observations upon the Topography, Edifices, and Ornaments of Pom- peii " (with J. P. Gandy, 8vo, 1817-'19 ; 3d ed., 1852). Of the last, a continuation in 2 vols. 8vo was published in 1832. GELLERT, Christian Furchtegott, a German poet and moralist, born in Hainichen, Saxony, July 4, 1715, died in Leipsic, Dec. 13, 1769. He was one of the early promoters of the great lite- rary movement which produced Schiller and Goethe. The latter in his youth was one of his disciples, but judged his ethical system to be of an effeminate tendency. He published fables and poetical tales, which are still popular, let- ters, sacred hymns and odes, and a romance en- titled " The Swedish Countess." He was pro- fessor of philosophy in the university of Leipsic. GELLIUS, Anlns, a Roman grammarian, who flourished about the middle of the 2d century A. D., supposed to have been born in Rome. He studied rhetoric there, and philosophy at