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 GARIBALDI 623 on land. Prior to the cessation of hostilities Garibaldi married a South American woman, who, until her death in 1849, was the com- panion of all his dangers and privations by sea and land. After the war he settled in Monte- video and taught mathematics, till Rosas, the dictator of Buenos Ayres, declared war against Uruguay. The commencement of the war was disastrous ; Montevideo was besieged, and the minister of war Vidal robbed the treasury and fled. Garibaldi organized a flotilla, and rec- ommended the formation of an Italian legion, which, though especially charged with the de- fence by sea, he frequently commanded. Mon- tevideo was saved. In the spring of 1848 Garibaldi sailed from South America with a portion of the Italian legion, and on arriving in Piedmont placed himself at the disposal of Charles Albert, by whom he was coldly re- ceived. The king being defeated a few days later, Garibaldi with a few resolute republi- cans prolonged the resistance until forced across the frontier by a superior Austrian de- tachment. He crossed the Po, and reached Ravenna, but papal troops were ordered against him. On the flight of the pope the new execu- tive gave Garibaldi a command, sending him to watch the Neapolitan frontier near Rieti, where he remained till the spring of 1849, when Avezzana, the new minister of war, called him to Rome. The French expedition to restore the pope having appeared before Rome on April 30, Garibaldi was, with 1,200 men, post- ed in some villas outside the gates. Notwith- standing the great disparity of numbers, he attacked the right wing of the French, when Avezzana, who commanded in chief, seeing from the city wall the peril of the Italians, de- spatched 1,500 men to his succor. Garibaldi then charged the French, put them to flight, pursued them several miles, and returned with 300 prisoners. The Neapolitans now threat- ened Rome, and were beaten by Garibaldi at Palestrina and at Velletri. The French, strongly reenforced, having on June 30 gained a footing inside the wall, the resistance soon became hopeless, and the republican trium- virate, Mazzini, Saflfi, and Armellini, abdicated. Garibaldi, whose men fought bravely to the last, resolved to continue the struggle in the open country. He left Rome to try to pene- trate to Venice with about 4, 000 men, of whom 800 were mounted, and marching by Tivoli to Terni met the second Italian legion, which was awaiting him. The enemy, in immensely su- perior numbers, never accepted a general en- gagement ; Garibaldi so adroitly manoeuvring extricate himself and leave his enemy 1 him every time he appeared to be surrounded. On July 30 he reached San Ma- rino, his force being reduced to 1,800 men, and there he found in his front a fresh Austrian irmy in addition to the 13,000 pressing on his
 * ear. Terms were now offered, to the effect
 * hat there should be a general amnesty and all

) should return home, the arms being surrendered 347 VOL. vii. 40 to the republic of San Marino. Such conditions would have been accepted had a few French belonging to the second legion been permitted to return to Switzerland ; but as it was insisted that they should be sent to Rome, the offer of the Austrians was rejected, and at night about half the force (the rest chose to surrender) made their way toward Cesena; and though vigorously pursued, the remnant, 290 in num- ber, embarked from Cesenatico in some fishing boats on Aug. 2. Toward nightfall they were descried by the Austrian fleet ; some were captured, and the rest scattered. In the boat with Garibaldi were his wife and a few of the most compromised ; these gained the shore and dispersed in twos and threes. Two days later Anna Garibaldi, who had refused to leave her husband, being worn out by fatigue, died. Garibaldi made his way from the east to the west coast, while the punishment of death was decreed for whosoever gave him bread, water, or shelter. At Chiavari he was arrested and conducted to Genoa. Banished from Sardinia, he arrived at New York in the summer of 1850, declined a public reception offered him, and earned a living by making candles in a manu- factory on Staten Island till an opportunity occurred of resuming the occupation of a mar- iner. He made some voyages in the Pacific, and in about three years returned to New York in command of a Peruvian bark. Having lost his mother, to whom he had confided the care of his three children, he accepted an invita- tion to return to Nice, where he lived in re- tirement. In the beginning of 1859, on the breaking out of the war with Austria, he was invited by the Sardinian government to form a corps, which became celebrated as the " Hunt- ers of the Alps " (Oacciatori delle Alpi). De- tached from the rest of the army, he crossed into northern Lombardy with a small force, beat several Austrian detachments, and ren- dered important services to the Italian cause throughout the war. In May, 1860, with about 1,000 volunteers, he sailed from Genoa for Sicily, landed at Marsala, took Palermo and Messina, and became dictator of the island. He then crossed the strait, in September en- tered Naples, won a victory on the Volturno, and was joined by the Sardinian army, which had advanced from the north, and completed the overthrow of King Francis. The kingdom of the Two Sicilies was now merged in that of Italy, Garibaldi resigning the dictatorship and retiring to the small island of Oaprera. In 1861 he was elected a member of the chamber of dep- uties. In April, 1862, he was appointed gen- eral-in-chief of the national guard. While he was engaged in enlisting volunteers, he pub- lished on July 26 an appeal to the Hungarians to rise against Austria. This brought him into collision with his own government ; several of his officers and men were arrested and dis- armed, and he retired to Oaprera and began to plan for an attack on Rome. Napoleon III. sent vessels to blockade the Sicilian coast to