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 GANS GARAY 617 on fossil ganoids of these and other families, see the great work of Prof. Agassiz on "Fos- sil Fishes ;" and for a popular description of the most interesting genera, the writings of PI ugh Miller, especially " The Testimony of the Rocks," " Footprints of the Creator," " Old Bed Sandstone," and " Popular Geology." CANS, Ednard, a German jurist, born of Jew- ish parents in Berlin, March 22, 1798, died there, May 5, 1839. lie studied successively at the universities of Berlin, Gottingen, and Heidelberg, and became early associated with Hegel, whose philosophical opinions he adopt- ed, and through whose influence he conceived a strong antipathy to the historical school of jurisprudence, then supported by the great names of Savigny and Hugo. In 1820 he be- came a doctor of law and published his Scho- lien zuin Oajus. In his great work Das Erb- recht in weltgeschichtlicher Entwickelung (4 vols., Stuttgart, 1824-'35), he assails the sci- entific principles of the historical school of ju- risprudence, and aims at treating the science of law according to the Hegelian philosophy. He visited France and England in 1825, and in 1826, having become nominally a convert to Christianity, was appointed professor extraor- dinary in the university of Berlin. His clear and vivacious manner of lecturing was stri- kingly in contrast with the monotonous gravity usual in German universities, and gained for him crowded audiences. He began a course in 1835 upon the history of the last 50 years, but was obliged by the government to suspend it. He was among the most active of those who prepared the posthumous edition of the complete works of Hegel, of which the Phi- losophic der Geschichte was in great part elab- orated by Gans. GANSEVOORT, Peter, an American soldier, born in Albany, July 17, 1749, died July 2, 1812. In 1775 he received the appointment of major in the second New York regiment, and joined the army which under Montgomery invaded Canada. In March, 1776, he was made a lieutenant colonel, and at a later period of the same year he was appointed to the com- mand of Fort George. In 1777 he was placed in command of Fort Stanwix, which he gal- lantly defended against a vigorous siege of 20 days by British and Indians under St. Leger, whose cooperation with Burgoyne he thereby prevented, and received the thanks of congress. In 1781 the state of New York raised him to the rank of brigadier general. He was succes- sively commissioner of Indian affairs, commis- sioner for fortifying the frontiers, and military agent. In 1809 he was appointed brigadier general in the United States army. GANYMEDE (Gr. Tawfifidw), a Trojan prince, son of Tros and brother of Ilus, was the most beautiful of mortals, and was carried off, ac- cording to the legend, by the eagle of Jupiter, to succeed Hebe as cup-bearer to the gods on Olympus. Astronomers have placed him among the constellations under the name of Aquarius, or the water-bearer. He is represented in the fine group of statuary in the Pio-Clementine museum at Rome, and in the group of " Hebe and Ganymede " by Crawford, in Boston. GAP (anc. Vapincum), a town of France, capi- tal of the department of Hautes-Alps, 47 m. S. E. of Grenoble, at the confluence of the Bonne and the Luye, affluents of the Durance ; pop. in 1866, 8,219. It is situated in a valley shut in by mountains, on which the vine flourishes to the height of 2,000 ft., and is of great strategi- cal importance. It is badly built, but contains a handsome Gothic cathedral. It has been much improved within the present century, and among the new public works are an extensive aqueduct and reservoir. It trades in grain, fruits, cattle, leather, and wool, and has manu- factures of linen, silk, and woollen. The town is of Celtic origin, and was at first called Vap. It became a bishop's see in the 5th century. In the 10th century the bishops received the title of prince, of which they were deprived by Francis I. GARAKONTHIE, Daniel, an Onondaga chief, died at Onondaga, N. Y., in 1675. For many years he exercised great influence over the Five Nations, and was esteemed by the English of New York and the French of Canada. He was the chief negotiator of the league, and en- deavored to keep the tribes at peace with the French, frequently prevented the sending out of war parties, and delivered prisoners. He enabled French missionaries to build a chapel at Onondaga in 1667, and after long reflection embraced Christianity and was baptized at Quebec by Bishop Laval in 1670. Though ad- vanced in years, he attempted to learn to read and write French. GARAT, Dominique Joseph, a French writer and politician, born at Ustaritz, near Bayonne, Sept. 8, 1749, died Dec. 9, 1833. He was a contributor to the Encyclopedie methodique and the Mercure de France. He published a eulogy on L'Hopital in 1778 ; was elected to the constituent assembly in 1789, and reported the sittings of the assembly in the Journal de Paris; succeeded Danton as minister of jus- tice, and informed Louis XVI. of the sentence of the convention. From the ministry of jus- tice he was transferred to the home depart- ment. He cooperated with the enemies of the Girondists, tried in vain to save some of the latter, and left office in August, 1793. Under the directory he was sent as ambassador to Naples, where he was ill received. In 1805 he received a mission to Holland. On the down- fall of Napoleon he tried every means of pro- pitiating the Bourbons, but in 1816 was ex- cluded from his seat in the institute. He now wrote one of his most interesting books, He- moires historiques sur la vie de M. Suard, and not long afterward retired to his native moun- tains, where he led an obscure but religious life. GARAY, Janos, a Hungarian poet, born at Szekszard, in the county of Tolna, in 1812, died in Pesth, Nov. 5, 1853. His chief produc-