Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VII.djvu/582

 5TO GALL GALLAGHER lumbanus punished the refusal by forbidding Gall to celebrate mass during the abbot's life- time. No sooner had Gall recovered from his illness than he and his monks, who with one exception had remained with him, left their abode at Bregenz, and selected a site for a new monastery on the steep banks of the Stein ach, not far from the southern shore of Lake Con- stance. By his eloquence and his command of the German tongue he was able to spread the knowledge of Christianity rapidly among the Alemanni and Helvetii. Having cured miraculously, as it was thought, the daughter of a chief or duke of the former, Thierry II., to whose son she was affianced, bestowed on the missionary all the land he wished to occupy between Lake Constance and the Rhaetian Alps (about 612). Constance being created an epis- copal see, Gall was chosen as its bishop ; but he excused himself on account of the injunc- tion of Columbanus forbidding him to perform sacred functions. In 615 the latter from his deathbed sent his crozier as a token of forgive- ness ; and ten years later Gall was invited to as- sume the government of the great monastery of Luxeuil, but alleged his obligation of evangel- izing the heathen tribes of southern Germany. The number of his disciples now increased wonderfully. Around the humble monastery his converts came to dwell, until the clustering huts grew in after years to be the city of St. Gall. At his death the territory occupied by the Alemanni was a Christian province. His feast is celebrated on Oct. 16. A discourse pronounced at the consecration of the bishops of Constance is the sole relic which has reached us of all his learning. The life of St. Gall was written in the 9th century by Walafried Stra- bo, and in Latin verse by the monk Notker in the 10th. See also the Bollandists' new Acta Sanctorum for Oct. 16, and Montalembert's Homes d? Occident. GALL, Franz Joseph, the founder of phre- nology, born at Tiefenbronn, near Pforzheim, in Baden, March 9, 1758, died at Montrouge, near Paris, Aug. 22, 1828. After literary stud- ies at Baden and Bruchsal, he devoted himself especially to natural history and anatomy at Strasburg under Hermann, and passed thence in 1785 to the medical school of Vienna, where he attended the lectures of Van Swieten and Stoll, and in the same year received the degree of doctor. He gradually obtained suc- cess in his profession, with leisure for garden- ing and study. While a boy he had been struck with the differences of character and talents displayed by his companions, and after some time he observed, as he thought, that those students who excelled in committing pieces to memory all had large eyes. By degrees he suspected that the external peculiarities of the head corresponded to differences in the intel- lectual endowments and moral qualities, and disputed the theories of Aristotle, Van Hel- mont, Descartes, and Drelincourt, who fixed the soul respectively in the heart, the stomach, the pineal gland, and the cerebellum. He began to examine the heads of those who had exhibited any striking mental peculiarity, in lunatic asylums, prisons, seats of learning, &c. He extended his observations to animals, and finally sought confirmation in the anatomy of the brain, of which he was the first to perceive the true structure. After 20 years he con- ceived that he had determined the intellectual dispositions corresponding to about 20 organs, that he had found the seats of these original faculties in the brain, and that they formed prominences or protuberances on the skull pro- portionate to their degree of activity. In 1791 he published the first volume of a general medi- cal work, and in 1796 began to lecture on his peculiar theory in Vienna, where its novelty made a great sensation. The first written ac- count of it appeared in a letter published in Der deutsche Mercur of Wieland in 1798. About this time he gained his best disciple, Spurz- heim, who gave great aid in the development and popular exposition of the doctrine. Dr. Gall continued his lectures till in 1802 they were interdicted by the Austrian government as dangerous to religion. He quitted Vienna in 1805, and in company with Spurzheim, who was his associate till 1813, travelled in central and northern Europe, lecturing in the prin- cipal, especially the university towns, and ar- rived in Paris in 1807. He established him- self there as a medical practitioner, and de- livered a course of lectures before a large audience. His principles, however, met with much opposition. He presented to the insti- tute in 1808 his Recherche* sur le systeme ner- tseux en general, et sur celui du cerveau en par- ticulier, and published it in the following year. In 1823 he made a short visit to London, where the receipts from his lectures were less than the expenses. The most elaborate of his works is the Anatomie et physiologic du systeme ner- veux (4 vols., Paris, 1810-'19), a second edition of which was published in 6 vols., each bearing a different title. An English translation of the whole work by Winslow J. Lewis, jr., M. D., was published in Boston (6 vols., 1835). GALLAGHER, William D., an American jour- nalist and poet, born in Philadelphia in Au- gust, 1808. He went in 1816 to Cincinnati, where in 1825 he entered the printing office of a newspaper. He wrote occasionally for the press, and became editor successively of the "Backwoodsman" at Xenia, O. (1830), the " Cincinnati Mirror " (1831), the " Western Literary Journal and Monthly Review " (1836), the " Hesperian, a Monthly Miscellany of Gen- eral Literature " (1838), and in 1839 associate editor of the " Cincinnati Gazette," in which position he remained till 1850. He published three small volumes of poetry (1835-'7), each entitled "Erato," the principal pieces in which are "The Penitent," "The Conqueror," and " Cadwallen." In 1841 he published a volume of "Selections from the Poetical Literature of the West," and in 1846 a select edition of his