Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VII.djvu/533

 FUGUE fugitives from justice, by which is meant those who flee from one jurisdiction to another to escape prosecution or punishment for crime (see EXTEADITION) ; 2, that of persons fleeing to avoid compulsory labor for others. It was one of the compromises of the constitution of the United States that "no person held to ser- vice or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in conse- quence of any law or regulation therein, be dis- charged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due." (Art. iv., 2.) Although the word slave was not here employed, the purpose was to provide for the reclamation of slaves fleeing from their masters ; and in 1793 an act was passed by congress to give effect to the provision by means of the ar- rest of any person claimed as a fugitive from slavery, and his return to the state from which he was found to have fled, after a summary judicial hearing. The repugnance to the insti- tution of slavery on the part of large numbers of people in the northern states rendered this act of little practical value, and another was passed in 1850 with more stringent provisions. Some of these were exceedingly obnoxious, especially that which gave a larger fee to the judicial officer when the person arrested was adjudged to be a slave than when decided to be free, and that which required all persons to as- sist when called upon in the arrest and return of the person claimed. Although many per- sons were remanded under this act, the hostility to slavery which was created, or at least inten- sified by it, probably led to the giving of assist- ance in a larger number of escapes than had ever been made before, and the act became of little service. A widespread organization to assist fugitives to their liberty became known popularly as the "underground railroad," and a great many persons were aided by it. The act was repealed after the civil war broke out, and the constitutional provision became unim- portant after slavery was abolished. FUGUE (Lat. fuga, flight), a species of musical composition in which one voice or part seems to be perpetually flying away from another, whence the name. The principal musical thought of the piece, or the subject, having been performed by one voice or part, is taken up by another, and so on with all the voices or parts, each commencing after the others, and all performing together. The result is an endless pursuit and flight of the same theme by the different parts. Fugues are simple, double, or counter, the last being much the most complicated. FUHR1CH, Joseph ?on, a German painter, born at Kratzau, Bohemia, Feb. 9, 1800. He studied in Prague and Rome, and was early associated with Overbeck and other artists in decorating the villa Massimi. In 1834 he settled in Vi- enna, where he became professor of historical painting at the academy of fine arts. He stands at the head of his profession in his specialty of FULLER 521 Scriptural painting, and has executed admirable works for the church of the Viennese suburb Lerchenfeld and for other churches. Among his more recent productions are the celebra- ted missal completed in 1868 for the emperor Francis Joseph as a present for the pope ; two allegorical cartoons representing spring and autumn (1869) ; and a series of illustrations of the parable of the prodigal son (1870). FULDA, a town of Prussia, in the province of Hesse-Nassau, on a river of the same name, here crossed by three bridges, 56 m. N. E. of Frankfort ; pop. in 1871, 9,490. It contains a palace and gardens, formerly the residence of the prince-bishops, a number of churches, two convents, an ecclesiastical seminary, and a number of schools. The cathedral is a fine modern building, the fourth which has stood on this site. Of the ancient church it retains only a crypt, in which is the sarcophagus of St. Boniface. There is a library of 50,000 vol- umes, manufactories of cotton, linen, and wool- len, and trade in corn and cattle. The abbey of Fulda was founded about 750 under the auspices of St. Boniface, became flourishing in the following century through the learning of Rabanus Maurus, who taught at the school connected with the abbey, and obtained from Otho I. in 968 the primacy of all abbeys in Germany. It was raised to the dignity of a bishopric in 1752. This was secularized in 1803, and given to the prince of Orange-Nas- sau, was annexed to the grand duchy of Berg in 1806, and in 1809 to the principality of Frankfort. After the peace most of the terri- tory was given to the electorate of Hesse, and in 1866 was with the latter annexed to Prussia. FILHAM, a suburb of London, on the left bank of the Thames, about 6 m. S. W. of St. Paul's cathedral ; pop. of the parish in 1871, 23,378. The village of Fulham is connected with Putney by a wooden bridge. Though irregularly built, it contains many fine houses and villas. The most celebrated public build- ing is the palace, which has been the summer residence of the bishop of London since the days of Henry VII. The grounds, nearly 40 acres in extent, are surrounded by a moat over which there are two bridges. The palace is remarkable for its size and historical associa- tions rather than for architectural merit. The ancient parish church of All Saints has a fine Gothic tower and monuments of the bishops of London and other notabilities. There are many nurseries and market gardens, noted especially for the cultivation of asparagus, for the London markets. The population of the parish is rapidly increasing. FULLER, Andrew, an English Baptist theolo- gian, born at Wicken, Cambridgeshire, Feb. 6, 1754, died at Kettering, Northamptonshire, May 7, 1815. He was settled first at Soham in 1775, and afterward at Kettering m 1782. In 1784 he published a treatise entitled " Gospel Worthy of all Acceptation," which ex- cited much controversy. In 1799 he composed