Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VII.djvu/529

 FUEL TABLE SHOWING THE COMPARATIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT WOODS AS FUEL. 517 VARIETY OF WOOD. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. ~77 70 65 63 48 51 66 62 55 68 67 57 100 95 81 72 57 65 66 60 54 56 86 81 74 78 71 71 69 66 61 60 52 69 54 48 43 40 59 84 52 65 78 White ash fraxinus Americana. 0-772 0-697 0-724 0-697 0-530 0-567 0-565 0-522 0-597 0*815 0*580 0*703 0*634 1*000 0-949 0-829 0*784 0*602 0*720 0*663 0-644 0*597 0*605 0*885 0*855 0*775 0*747 0*747 0*728 0*728 0-694 0-678 0-658 0-548 0-711 0-551 0-478 0-426 0-418 0-568 0-397 0-618 0-887 0-535 0-681 0-752 8,450 3,115 8,236 8,115 2,369 2',525 2,333 2,668 8,643 2,592 8,142 2,884 4,469 4,241 8,705 8,505 2,691 3,218 2,963 2,878 2,668 2,704 8,955 8,821 8,464 3,339 8,339 3,254 8,254 8,102 8,030 2,919 2,449 8,178 2,463 2,137 1,906 1,868 2,516 1,774 2,762 8,964 2,391 8,044 3,861 25-74 25*00 19*62 19-40 19*00 20*79 24*72 25-29 21*70 21*00 24-85 22*16 19*69 26-22 25*22 22*90 21*40 22-77 19-00 24*02 21*43 20-64 21-59 22-76 21-62 21-50 23*17 22*22 23*80 22*43 22*37 20*86 21*60 22-95 23-44 23-75 24-88 26*76 24*35 21-81 25*00 22-58 22*62 23*60 22*56 23-30 0-547 0-445 0-518 0-428 0-364 0-287 0-238 0-379 0-411 0-550 0-857 0-400 0-413 0*625 0*637 0*509 0*368 0*374 0*455 0-457 0-431 0-370 0-406 0-481 0-401 0-437 0-392 0-436 0*387 0*400 0*447 0*436 0-295 0-362 0-469 0-333 0-385 0.298 0-293 0-383 0-245 0-427 0*594 0-874 0-418 0*505 28*78 23*41 27-26 22-52 19-15 12*47 12-52 19-94 21*63 28*94 1879 21*05 21-73 82-89 33-52 26-78 19-36 19-68 23-94 24-05 22*68 19*47 21-86 25-31 21-10 22-99 20-63 22*94 20-36 21-05 23-52 22-94 15-52 19-05 24*68 17*52 20-26 15-68 15-42 20-15 12*89 22-47 81-26 19-68 22-00 26*57 888 779 635 604 450 527 624 590 579 765 644 696 658 1,172 1,070 848 750 613 611 712 617 551 584 900 826 745 774 742 774 630 694 632 631 562 745 585 582 510 455 549 444 624 897 564 687 788 81 88 23 27 24 42 50 80 27 26 84 38 26 36 82 82 89 81 25 80 27 28 27 86 39 82 88 82 88 80 29 28 41 80 80 83 26 83 80 27 84 28 29 29 81 29 6 40 6 40 6 00 6 00 6 00 6 00 6 40 6 40 6 10 610 640 6 20 6 00 6 40 640 6 80 610 620 600 6 40 6 10 6 00 6 10 6 30 620 620 630 6 20 6 30 620 6 20 6 00 6 10 6 20 680 680 640 6 40 6 40 6 10 640 6 20 6 20 6 30 6 20 630 White beech, fagus ferruginea Black birch, betula lenta White birch B. alba populifolia Butternut juglans dnerea Red cedar, juniperus Virginiana American chestnut, castanea vesca .... Wild cherry cerasus Virginiana. White elm, ulmus Americana Sour gum nyssa multiftora Sweet gum, liquidamber styraciftua Shell-bark hickory, carya alba Pig-nut hickory, C. pordna Western hickory C sulcata f Witch hazel, hamamelis Virginica American holly, ilex opaca American hornbeam, carpinus Americana Mountain laurel, kalmia latifolia Hard maple, acer saccharinum Soft maple A rubrum Large magnolia, magnolia grandiflora Chestnut white oak, quercus prinus. . ... White oak Q alba Post oak, Q. obtusiloba f Barren scrub oak, Q. Catesbcei Pin oak Q palustris Scrub black oak, Q. ilicifolia Red oak Q rubra .... Barren oak Q nigra Rock chestnut oak, Q. prinus monlicola Yellow oak Q prinus acuminata. ... .... Spanish oak Q falcata Persimmon, diospyros Virginiana Yellow pine soft pinus mitis Pitch pine, P. rigida White pine P. stvobus Yellow poplar liriodendron tulipifera Lombardy poplar, populus dilatata Sassafras sassafras officinale Sycamore, platanus occidentalis Black walnut juglans nigra. Swamp whortleberry, vaccinium corymbosum ral charcoal or coke. Peat, which is found in great abundance and easily procured in many of the European countries, where other fuels are scarce, is there much more highly appreciated than it is in the United States. Its qualities have there been thoroughly investigated, and various methods have been contrived for im- E roving its adaptation to the uses for which it fitted. (See PEAT.) As a fuel, this mate- rial is much used for domestic purposes in the countries where it abounds, and it is applied both in the raw state and charred to manu- facturing operations. In the neighborhood of Oarolinen-Htitte, near Aichthal, in Styria, suc- cessful attempts have been made to smelt iron with it in its raw state, mixed with wood ; while the charcoal obtained by charring it has long been successfully applied to the same pur- pose in Bohemia, Bavaria, France, Russia, and other countries. When freshly cut, peat con- tains from 80 to 90 per cent, of water, which by drying is commonly reduced to about 25 per cent. When well dried, the heating power of good peat is about the same as that of wood, and about half that of bituminous coal. The following analyses by Sir Robert Kane and Dr. W. K. Sullivan are of peat dried at 220 F. The proportions are calculated after deducting the ash. The percentage of the mineral ingre- dients varies in good peat from 1 to 5 ; some qualities contain much more, even 33 per cent., but such are worthless for fuel. VARIETIES. Carbon. Hydro- gen. Oxygen. Nitrogen, mean. Surface peat, Phillipstown. . 58*694 6-971 82-888 1-4514 Dense peat " 50-476 6-097 82-546 0-8806 Light surface peat, wood of Allen 59-920 6-614 82-207 1-2588 Dense peat, wood of Allen.. Surface peat, Twicknevin. . Light surface peat, Shannon Dense peat, 61-022 60-102 60-018 61-247 5-771 6-723 5-875 5-616 32-400 81-288 83-152 81-446 0-8070 1-8866 0-9545 1-6904 The Chinese have for ages been in the habit of mixing the dust from their coal mines with clay and bitumen, and also with refuse matter, and such artificial fuel is in China an article of considerable traffic. The methods introduced in western Europe of utilizing the dust of min- eral coals and of charcoal are nearly all based upon the principle of making these substance cohere by thoroughly incorporating them with tar or pitch, and then exposing the compound, when moulded into blocks, in some cases to a current of air to dry them, and in others high temperature in vessels serving the pui