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 492 FPvIDERICIA FRIENDLY ISLANDS wife of Odin), whence our name, and by the Romans dies Veneris, or Venus's day. (See GOOD FRIDAY.) FRIDERICIA, or Frederida, a town and fortress of Denmark, in the S. E. part of the province of Jutland, on the Little Belt ; pop. in 1870, 7,186. The town has several sugar refineries, iron founderies, and other industrial establish- ments, and owns about 25 vessels. Until 1857 the navigation dues were collected here from vessels passing the Little Belt. In 1657 Fride- ricia was captured by the Swedes. In 1848 it was occupied by the Prussians, subsequently reoccupied by the Danes, and besieged by the Schleswig-Holstein troops. The latter were surprised on July 6, 1849, by the besieged, and forced to a speedy retreat, with heavy loss. In the war of 1864 Fridericia was bombarded by the Germans in March, and hastily evacu- ated by the Danes in April. FRIEDLAND. I. A town of Prussia, in the province of East Prussia, on the Alle, 27 m. S. E. of Konigsberg; pop. in 1868, 2,478. It has manufactures of linen and woollen cloth and leather, and a trade in cattle. It is memorable for a victory won by Napoleon over the Rus- sians under Benningsen, June 14, 1807, which led to the treaty of Tilsit. The French had between 70,000 and 80,000 men, and lost 8,000 men and two eagles ; the Russians, who num- bered about 55,000, lost 17,000 men and about 80 guns. Benningsen succeeded in crossing the river and fell back to Tilsit, on the Niemen, where the treaty between the French and Russians was concluded July 7. II. A town of Bohemia, on the Wittich, at its confluence with the Rasnitz, 68 m. N. N. E. of Prague ; pop. in 1870, 4,331. It is a walled town, has manufactures of woollen, linen, and cotton cloth, and paper, and a considerable trade. The castle of Friedland, on a conical hill in the S. part of the town, is a picturesque struc- ture surrounded by a lofty wall and surmount- ed by a high tower. It belonged, with the ac- companying lordship, to Wallenstein, who de- rived from it his title of duke of Friedland. It is now the property of Count Clam-Gallas. III. A town of Germany, in the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 48 m. N. W. of Stet- tin; pop. in 1871, 5,031. It is a walled town, and has two churches, one a fine Gothic struc- ture, and a gymnasium. Its manufactures are woollen and linen cloths, copper ware, and tiles. It has three annual fairs and an active trade in cattle; tobacco is also cultivated. The town was founded in 1244 by the margraves John and Otho III. of Brandenburg. FRIEDRICH, Joliaim, a German theologian, born at Poxdorf, Bavaria, in 1836. He was ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1859, be- came private teacher in 1862, in 1865 professor of theology at the university of Munich, and in 1869 member of the academy of sciences. He has published a number of works, including KirchengescMcJite Deutschlands (2 vols., Bam- berg, 1867-'9). A follower of Dollinger, he protested in 1870 against the doctrine of papal infallibility, was expelled from Rome as the reputed author of correspondence in the All- gemeine Zeitung adverse to the Vatican, re- ceived with Dollinger major excommunication (April 17, 1871), and was formally suspended two months afterward, for having administered the holy sacrament to Dr. Zenger, to whom it had been denied on account of his opposition to the decree of the council of the Vatican. His publications on the subject of papal in- fallibility and the council comprise Das pap&t- lich gewdhrleistete Becht der deutschen Nation, nicht an die papstliche UnfeJilbarkeit zu glauben (Munich, 1870); Documenta ad illus- trandum Concilium Vaticanum anni 1870 (2 vols., 1871) ; and Tagebuch gefuhrt wdhrend des VaticaniscJien Concils (Nordlingen, 1871). FRIENDLY (or Tonga) ISLANDS, a group in the southern Pacific ocean, lying between lat. 1.8 and 23 S., and Ion. 174 and 175 30' W. Tonga is the native name of the group. They were discovered by the Dutch navigator Abel Tasman in 1643, and visited and described in 1773 and 1777 by Cook, who gave them the name of Friendly from the apparently hospita- ble reception he met with from the inhabitants. It has since been ascertained that the character of the natives is no better than that of the other Polynesians, and that they were only deterred by fear from attacking Cook. They consist of about 32 greater and 150 smaller isl- ands, about 30 of which are inhabited ; pop. estimated from 25,000 to 50,000. The islands are mostly of coral formation, and are sur- rounded by dangerous coral reefs. A few are of volcanic origin, and in Tofooa there is an active volcano. They are divided into three groups, viz. : the Tonga at the south, the Hapai in the centre, and the Vavao at the north. The climate is healthy, but humid ; much rain falls, and none of the islands are destitute of fresh water. The mean temperature during the stay of the United States exploring expedi- tion at* Tongataboo (April, 1840) was 79-25. The trade winds are by no means constant. Earthquakes are frequent, but not formidable ; hurricanes both frequent and destructive. The natives cultivate yams, sweet potatoes, bananas, cocoanuts, breadfruit, sugar cane, shaddock, lirnes, and the ti (spondias dulcis) ; the panda- nus is one of their most useful trees, of which they make their mats; a little corn is grown, and they have the papaw apple (papaya) and watermelon. The missionaries have success- fully introduced the sweet orange from Tahiti, but many other imported fruits and vegetable seeds have failed. The flora resembles that of the Feejee group. The hog, dog, and rat are the only native quadrupeds. Tongataboo, or Sacred isle, is the principal island. It is about 20 m. long and 12 broad; it is low and level, of coral formation, and rises nowhere more than 60 ft. above the sea. In pagan times it exercised a sort of religious supremacy over the other islands. The only important article of