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 FREIBERG taining the water to be frozen is placed in the inner compartment of the freezer, and to in- sure contact the interstice is filled with al- cohol. As the boiler cools, the pressure which had been produced by heat is gradually re- moved, and the liquid ammonia in the freezer becomes vaporized, producing an intense de- gree of cold. In a little more than an hour a block of ice may be frozen. An apparatus in use is said to be capable of producing 800 Ibs. of ice in an hour. FREIBERG, or Freyberg, a walled town of Saxony, on the N. declivity of the Erzgebirge, and on the river Mtinzbach, 19 m. S. W. of Dresden; pop. in 1871, 21,673. It is a well built town, containing handsome monuments to Maurice of Saxony, and to Werner, the mineralogist, and a fine Gothic cathedral. The mining academy, founded in 1765, has a mu- seum of model mining machines, and a library of about 20,000 volumes. It is one of the best mining schools in the world, and in 1873 had 86 students from nearly all countries, including 16 from the United States. The town has also a gymnasium and a commercial school. The staple manufactures consist of gold and silver lace, brassware, white lead, gunpowder, shot, iron and copper ware, linens, woollens, ribbons, tape, leather, and beer. Freiberg is an ancient city, and was long the residence of the Saxon princes. It has mines of silver-bearing lead, which have been worked since the 12th cen- tury. The richest veins have been driven so j deep that their productiveness has diminished on account of the accumulation of water. For j the purpose of draining them, a tunnel through the mountains to the Elbe at Meissen, dis- tant 24 m., has been commenced. The dis- trict contains 150 mines, yielding silver, lead, copper, co.balt, and other minerals, employ- ing in 1873 about 1,300 persons; the aggre- gate value of the products amounted in the same year to 4,000,000 thalers. FREIBURG (Ger. Freiburg im Breisgau), a city of Germany, in the grand duchy of Baden, capital of the circle of the Upper Rhine, in the old district of Breisgau, on the Dreisam, 72 m. S. S. W. of Carlsruhe, and 32 m. N. E. of Basel ; pop. in 1871, 24,599. It is 940 ft. above the level of the sea, on the outskirts of the Black Forest, at the mouth of the Hollenthal. The town was several times captured by the French, who in 1744 destroyed its fortifica- tions, and in their place public walks and vine- yards have been laid out. The streets are in general open and well built, particularly the Kaiserstrasse, which is remarkable for its width and the excellence of its houses. Since 1827 the town has been the seat of the archbishop of the ecclesiastical province of the Upper Rhine. In 1454 a university was founded here, which has a library of more than 100,000 vol- umes, and in 1873 had 50 professors and 275 students. It has a faculty of Catholic theology. The principal public edifices are the archi- episcopal and ducal palaces; the cathedral, FREILIGRATH 475 one of the most beautiful and perfect speci- mens of Gothic architecture in Germany- the government offices, courts of justice, town hall museum, theatre, gymnasium, orphan asylum The Cathedral of Freiburg. hospitals, and seminaries. The corner stone of a new Protestant church was laid April 7, 1874. The manufactures include leather, pa- per, sugar, starch, tobacco, soap, bells, musical instruments, and chemicals. The Basel and Mannheim railway passes through Freiburg. FREIBURG, a town and a canton of Switzer- land. See FRIBOURG. FREIBURG UNTERM FURSTENSTEBf, a town of Prussia, in the province of Silesia, on the Polsnitz, 35 m. W. S. W. of Breslau ; pop. in 1871, 6,792. The principal establishment is a flax spinnery, but there are also manufactories of woollen and cotton goods and tobacco, dis- tilleries, lime kilns, and tile works. The town is surrounded by walls, with three gates, and has three suburbs. In the vicinity is the ex- tensive domain of Furstenstein, with the old and modern castles of that name, the latter built in mediaeval style and celebrated for its picturesque situation. FREIGHT. See SHIPPING. FREILIGRATH, Ferdinand, a German poet, born in Detmold, June 17, 1810. He attended the gymnasium of his native city, and became a mercantile clerk at Soest, Amsterdam, and Barmen. His first productions were published in the Musenalmanach in 1833. He brought out a volume of poems in 1838, which was so