Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VII.djvu/486

 474 FREEWILL BAPTISTS FREEZING time the Freewill Baptists maintained the po- sition then taken on the question of slavery, and the work of the denomination was con- fined mostly to the northern states until after the abolition of slavery. Since then much ef- fort has been expended in educating the freed people and gathering them into churches. In Louisiana and in the Shenandoah and Mis- sissippi valleys schools have been established and churches organized, and with the latter about 4,000 colored people have united. Some of the white churches in the south, holding similar views of doctrine and polity, have en- tered into correspondence that looks toward a formal union. There are several benevolent societies of denominational interest, supported and encouraged by all the churches. The princi- pal of these are the foreign and home mission societies, and the educational society, and by all of them an aggregate sum averaging about $30,000 is raised annually. They celebrate anniversary meetings together in the autumn, which are numerously attended. The foreign mission society has several stations in Orissa, India. The Freewill Baptists have recently given special attention to the interests of education, and since 1847 have raised nearly $1,000,000 for educational purposes. They have a flourishing college at Lewiston, Me., and another at Hillsdale, Mich., to which pu- pils of both sexes and all colors are admitted, a theological department in each of these in- stitutions, and seminaries of high grade and repute in eight or ten different states. The de- nominational printing establishment is at Do- ver, N". H., where are published the " Morning Star," which for nearly 50 years has been the weekly organ, and a variety of denominational, Sunday school, and miscellaneous books. Bi- ographies have 1 been published of Randall, Colby, Marks, Phinney, Martin Cheney, and other clergymen, which throw light upon the history and spirit of the denomination. A history of the Freewill Baptists is in prepara- tion under the direction of the general con- ference, one volume of which has been issued. In 1800 the whole number of communicants was less than 3,000. In 1829, when complete returns were for the first time obtained, there were 8 yearly meetings, 22 quarterly meet- ings, 311 churches, 263 ministers, and 12,860 communicants. There are now (1874) 35 yearly meetings, 161 quarterly meetings, 1,504 churches, 1,269 ministers, and 70,576 commu- nicants. They are found in nearly all the states, but are most numerous in New England. There is also in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia a separate and rapidly increasing con- ference of Free Baptists, having about 9,000 members, who are not included in the above computation. They have a weekly newspa- per, the "Religious Intelligencer," published at St. John, N. B. The Freewill Baptists hold correspondence by letters and delegations with the General Baptists of England, with whom they agree in doctrine. FREEZING, Artificial, the reduction of the temperature of fluids to such an extent as to render them solid. It is usually applied to the freezing of water and of articles of food. There are two general methods of effecting artificial freezing, viz., by liquefaction and by vaporization and expansion. The method by liquefaction is performed by freezing mixtures, which are formed by mixing together two or more bodies, one or all of which may be solid. They are generally used in vessels having three or four concentric apartments: an inner one, containing the article to be fro- zen; one eccentric to this, containing the freezing mixture, provided with some con- trivance for agitation; one again outside of this, filled with a non-conductor of heat, as powdered charcoal, gypsum, or cotton wool ; and sometimes one between them for holding water. The following table contains a list of the more important freezing mixtures, with of effecting : SUBSTANCES. Parts by weight. Reduction of tem- perature. 2 I 5 I 50 to F. 50" to 1'5 60 to 14 -SO- SO to 20 82 to 54-4 Common salt Sulphate of soda. Hydrochloric acid Sulphate of soda Nitrate of ammonia Dilute nitric acid Phosphate of soda ... Dilute nitric acid Snow or powdered ice Crystallized chloride of calcium.. . The method of freezing by vaporization and expansion depends upon principles explained in the articles BOILING POINT, EVAPOEATION, and HEAT. Among the most efficient appa- ratus for conducting the process is that of M. Carre of France. A strong galvanized wrought-iron boiler, capable of sustaining a pressure of eight or ten atmospheres, is con- nected by a tube with a freezer, also made of galvanized iron and of corresponding strength, consisting of two compartments, an outer an- nular one, connected with the boiler, and an inner one, for receiving the vessel which con- tains the water or liquid to be frozen. The connection between the boiler and freezer may be controlled either by stopcocks or by self- acting valves. A saturated solution of ammo- nia is introduced into the boiler, and the freezer is placed in a cold bath. Heat sufficient to produce a pressure of five or six atmospheres is applied to the boiler, which expels the gas from the water in which it is dissolved, and forces it into the annular compartment of the freezer, where it is condensed by its own pres- sure, aided by the cool bath, along with about one tenth its weight of water. When sufficient ammonia has been condensed, which is shown by the pressure indicated by a gauge, or ap- proximately by a thermometer, the boiler it- self is placed in a cold bath ; the cylinder con-
 * the reduction of temperature each is capable