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 FREDERICK and the Western Maryland railroads, and has on its S. W. border the Potomac river and the Ohio and Chesapeake canal. The chief pro- ductions in 1870 were 1,133,623 bushels of wheat, 54,995 of rye, 1,360,420 of corn, 250,- 069 of oats, 138,484 of potatoes, 32,893 tons of hay, 877,784 Ibs. of butter, 34,533 of wool, and 274,369 of tobacco. There were 11,860 horses, 11,907 milch cows, 10,188 other cattle, 9,817 sheep, and 29, 939 swine; 16 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 1 of charcoal, 15 of clothing, 25 of barrels and casks, 2 of fertili- zers, 15 of furniture, 6 of lime, 16 of saddlery and harness, 3 o sashes, doors, and blinds, 11 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 10 of cigars, 8 of woollen goods, 4 of bricks, 47 flour mills, 4 iron works, 21 tanneries, 10 cur- rying establishments, and 2 distilleries. Capi- tal, Frederick. II. A N. county of Virginia, bounded N. E. and W. by West Virginia ; area, 378 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 16,596, of whom 2,733 were colored. It occupies part of the great valley of Virginia, is highly pro- ductive, and abounds in fine mountain scene- ry. Tvo or three small affluents of the Po- tomac supply it with good water power. The Winchester, Potomac, and Strasburg railroad passes through the county. The chief produc- tions in 1870 were 239,698 bushels of wheat, 182,672 of Indian corn, 76,743 of oats, 22,661 of potatoes, 8,725 tons of hay, 230,178 Ibs. of butter, and 26,928 of wool. There were 3,990 horses, 3,405 milch cows, 4,122 other cattle, 6,641 sheep, and 6,702 swine; 7 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 3 of gloves, 2 of stoves, &c., 1 of ground sumach, 7 of woollen goods, and 1 9 flour mills. Capital, Winchester. FREDERICK, a city and the capital of Fred- erick co., Maryland, situated on Carroll's creek, 2 m. from its mouth in Monocacy river, about 40 m. W. by N. of Baltimore ; pop. in 1850, 6,028; in 1860, 8,143; in 1870, 8,526, of whom 1,822 were colored. It is a well built city, with wide regular streets, lined with houses of brick or stone. A branch railroad 3 m. long connects it with the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. It has an extensive trade, and important manufactures of iron, wool, paper, flour, leather, &c. There are four national banks, with an aggregate capital of $575,000 ; a savings bank, with $217,231 capital ; three weekly newspapers, and 10 or 12 churches. The city is the seat of several important edu- cational and religious institutions. Frederick college, established by the state in 1797, in 1872 had 3 professors, 109 students, and a library of 2,300 volumes. Frederick female seminary, established in 1842, had. 8 instructors, 1 students, and a library of 1,000 volumes. The convent of the Visitation nuns has an academy and a library of 1,000 volumes, and the house for novices of the society of Jesus 1,100 volumes. A state institution for the education of the deaf and dumb was organized here in 1867, which in 1872 had 9 instructors, 97 pupils, and a library of 2,000 volumes. FREDERICK (DENMAKK) 449 FREDERICK, the name of several monarchs and princes, arranged below under their re- spective countries in alphabetical order : I. BADEX. FREDERICK I., grand duke, born Sept. 9, 1826. The second son of the grand duke Leo- pold, he became regent for his brother, who was bodily and intellectually infirm, April 24, 1852, succeeded as grand duke Sept. 5, 1856, and married in the same year a daughter of the present emperor of Germany. He is distin- guished by his enlightened views of civil and religious government. At the gathering of princes at Frankfort in 1863 he opposed the plans of Austria, and urged the supremacy of Prussia. He was nevertheless constrained, together with the other states of south Ger- many, to side with Austria in the war of 1866, but subsequently he readily and closely allied himself with the North German confedera- tion. During the Franco-German war he went to Versailles, and strenuously exerted himself in favor of the formation of the German empire and the imperial constitution. n. BOHEMIA.. FREDERICK, elector palatine (V.) and king of Bohemia, born in Amberg in 1596, died in Mentz, Nov. 19, 1632. He was the son of the elector Frederick IV., and by his mother grand- son of William I. of Orange. He received a careful education, succeeded his father in the palatinate in 1610 as a minor, married Eliza- beth, daughter of James I. of England, became the leader of the Protestant union, and in the second year of the thirty years' war (1619) was elected king of Bohemia by the revolted people. Induced by his ambitious wife, he accepted the regal crown, which he soon after lost through the battle of Prague (Nov. 8, 1620), rapidly won by his cousin Maximilian of Bavaria, the head of the Catholic league. Frederick hastily es- caped to Holland, and lived in exile, under the ban of the empire and persecuted by ridicule. III. DENHAEZ. FREDERICK VI., king of Denmark, son of Christian VII. and the princess Caroline Ma- tilda, born Jan. 28, 1768, died Dec. 3, 1839. He was declared regent at the age of 1 6. His edu- cation had been much neglected, but he had great natural intelligence, firmness, and a capa- city for observation. With the help of his minis- ter Count Bernstorff he applied himself to the abolition of feudal serfdom in Denmark (which in 1804 he also effected in Schleswig-Holstein), the reformation of the criminal code, the break- ing up of monopolies, the establishment of a better financial system, the removal of the dis- abilities of the Jews, and the earliest prohibi- tion of the slave trade. March 16, 1792, was the date of the edict against the slave trade, providing for its enforcement on and after Jan. 1, 1804. Bernstorff, who died in 1797, had recommended to the regent to observe a strict