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 FRAUNHOFER FREDERICK das icahre Verhdltniss der Vernunft zur Offen- ~barung (1848), Aesthetische Fragen (1853), &c. He afterward made the acquaintance of Scho- penhauer and became his most distinguished follower. Among his subsequent works are: Ueber die Naturwissenschaft, &c. (1855); Der Materialismus (1856); Las sittlicJie Leben, eihische Studien (Leipsic, 1868) ; and Elicke in die intellektuelU, physische und moralische Welt (1869). He published several works relating to Schopenhauer and to his literary remains (1861-'4), and edited his complete works (6 vols., Leipsic, 1874). FRAUNHOFER, Joseph von, a German optician, born in Straubing, Bavaria, March 6, 1787, died June 7, 1826. The son of a glazier, he exer- cised in boyhood the trade of his father. In the intervals of labor he studied the laws of optics, made himself familiar with mathematics and astronomy, and in 1806 became technical director of the mathematical institute at Mu- nich. He afterward united with Reichenbach and Utzschneider in founding at Benedict-Beu- ren an establishment for the fabrication of di- optric instruments, which was transferred to Munich in 1819. He manufactured the finest crown glass, much superior to the English, for achromatic telescopes and prisms, and invented a machine for polishing surfaces in parabolic segments, a heliometer, a microscope, and the celebrated parallactic telescope of the observa- tory of Dorpat. By using fine prisms that were free from veins he discovered about 590 black lines crossing the solar spectrum, and projected the most important of these in a drawing of the spectrum. Similar lines he found in the spec- tra of the moon and of some of the planets and fixed stars, but none in artificial white lights. (See SPECTRUM ANALYSIS.) FRAFSTADT, a town of Prussia, in the prov- ince of Posen, 7 m. from the frontier of Silesia, and 14 1ST. E. of Glogau ; pop. in 1871, 6,515. It has a convent, an orphan house, a Eealschule of the first class, and manufactures chiefly of woollen and linen cloth. In 1706 the Swedes, under Charles XII.'s general Rehnskjold, ob- tained here a victory over the united Saxo.ns and Russians. FRAYSSINOUS, Denis Luc, a French prelate and statesman, born at Curieres, in the district of Rouergue, May 9, 1765, died at St. Geniez, Dec. 12, 1841. He studied theology at Paris, was admitted to orders in 1789, retired to Rouergue during the revolutionary persecu- tion, and began at Paris in 1803 the public lectures upon the proofs of Christianity which were the basis of his reputation. His elo- quence and genius attracted the cultivated youth of the capital, and operated effectively against the reigning philosophy. When in 1809 the French empire came into collision with the holy see, his lectures were interrupted, and in 1811 he again retired to Rouergue, and returned only with the Bourbons. In October, 1814, he resumed his conferences, and was made successively royal preacher, bishop of Hermopolis in partibus, grand master of the university (1822), member of the French acade- my, peer of France, and minister of ecclesias- tical affairs and public instruction (1824). He recalled the Jesuits into the schools and church- es. In 1830 he was intrusted by Charles X. with the education of the duke of Bordeaux, whom he soon after accompanied into exile. He re- turned to France in 1838, after which he lived in retirement. His principal works are funeral orations on the prince of Conde, Cardinal Tal- leyrand, and Louis XVIII. ; Les vrais principes de VEglise gallicane, &c. (1818); and a collec- tion of his conferences under the title of Defense du Christianisme (3 vols.), of which 15 editions appeared between 1825 and 1843, and which was translated into many languages. FREDEGONDA, a Frankish queen, the rival of the famous Brunehaut, born about 545, died in 597. She was maid of honor to Audovera, queen of Chilperic I. of Neustria, and the king being captivated by her beauty made her his concubine. She contrived by a trick the re- pudiation of the queen, but was disappointed by the marriage of Chilperic with Galsuinda, a Visigoth princess and sister of Brunehaut, or Brunehilde, who had been married to his brother Sigebert, king of Austrasia. Attribu- ting this marriage to the influence of the Aus- trasian queen, Fredegonda vowed deadly hatred to both sisters. She removed Galsuinda by as- sassination, became her successor, and brought about a war of the two brothers, in which Sigebert was victorious, but soon fell by the hands of her assassins (575). Brunehaut, who became her captive, escaped death and return- ed to her own country ; but Meroveus, the son of Chilperic by his first wife, who had been se- cretly married to her, fell a victim to the re- venge of his stepmother. A series of atrocious crimes followed. Pretextatus was treacher- ously murdered ; Clovis, the brother of Mero- veus, was executed on the false accusation of having caused the death of Fredegonda's three children ; the mother of the princes was stran- gled, their sister outraged and confined in a convent. Finally, she contrived the assassina- tion of her husband, and assumed the govern- ment in the name of her son Clotaire. She now successfully resumed the war against Austra- sia, and remained in power till her death. FREDERICIA. See FEIDEEICIA. FREDERICK. I. A N". county of Maryland, bordering on Pennsylvania, and separated from Virginia on the S. "W. by the Potomac river ; area about 770 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 47,572, of whom 7,572 were colored. A branch of the Blue Ridge of Virginia, called South mountain, runs along its W. border, but most of the land in the central and E. parts is un- dulating. The soil is fertile and well watered by the Monocacy river, Cotoctin, Pipe, Lin- ganore, and Bennett's creeks. Copper, iron, manganese, excellent limestone, and fine white marble are among the mineral products. The county is traversed by the Baltimore and Ohio