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 FRANZ who was appointed to defend the province against them both by land and sea, having be- trayed his master and assumed the purple in Britain, made them his allies, surrendering to them the islands of the Batavi and the country on the Scheldt. Constantius I. and Constan- tine the Great expelled them from this terri- tory, but they soon invaded it again, and were finally left in its possession by Julian. From that period they appear to have formed two separate groups, the Salian (from the old Ger- man sal, sea, or from Sala, the ancient name of the river Yssel), and Ripuarian (from the Latin ripa, bank of a river). The former con- tinued the attacks on Gaul during the 5th cen- tury, and established an empire under Olovis and his successors (see FKANCE); the latter spread southward on both sides of the Rhine, extending their conquests W. as far as the Meuse, and E. as far as the head of the Main. From them the country adjacent to the Main derives its modern name of Franconia. The Franks form an element in the modern popula- tion of France, which received its name from them, as well as of S. W. Germany. Their two divisions had separate laws, which were after- ward collected in two codes, known as Lex Salica and Lex Ripuariorum. FRANZ, Robert, a German composer, born at Halle, June 28, 1815. His parents were in moderate circumstances, and having themselves no love for music discountenanced it in their son. It was not till his 14th year that he ob- tained even elementary instruction in music, and that of the most imperfect kind and under every disadvantage. His passion was however so great that he was unable to follow his studies at college to any good purpose, and at last his parents were obliged to yield, and sent him for musical tuition to Schneider at Dessau. Here he learned but little, and returning to Halle was left to grope his own way. He ob- tained the works of Bach, Handel, and Schu- bert, and studied them. He now began to compose, and Schumann obtained for him a publisher for his early songs. It was at once seen that he possessed individuality of style, elevated feeling, and a happy gift of melody. His songs are several hundred in number, and in merit they rank next after Schubert's. They have obtained a great popularity in the United States as well as in Germany. He has written very valuable accompaniments for many of the arias from Handel's Italian operas that other- wise would have become obsolete ; also new accompaniments to the Matthaus passion mu- sic of Bach ; and so thoroughly has he imbued himself with the spirit and forms of these old masters that the new work adapts itself per- fectly to the old, and restores to the world some most valuable works. Franz has always lived at Halle, in the conservatory of which he is professor. He is blind. FRASCATI, a town of central Italy, in the province and 8 m. E. S. E. of the city of Rome, on the N. W. declivity of the Tusculan mount ERASER 443 pop. about 6,000, chiefly engaged in agricul- ture. It was the favorite summer residence of the Roman nobility and cardinals for some cen- turies ; and many of their magnificent villas re- main. Of these the most celebrated is the villa Aldobrandini, which is adorned with numerous fountains, water works, and paintings. The villa Rufinella was once the property and abode of Lucien Bonaparte. On the summit of the mountain, 2,000 ft. above the sea, and about 2 m. from Frascati, are the ruins of Tusculum round which clustered in the days of republi- can and imperial Rome the villas of her patri- cians, orators, and emperors. FRASCHINI, Gaetano, an Italian vocalist, born in Pavia in 1817. He studied under Moretti, and has been distinguished in Italy since 1837, and at the Italian opera in Vienna since 1862' as a powerful and brilliant tenor singer. His greatest successes have been achieved in II trovatore, Ernani, and Un ballo in maschera which last was composed for him by Verdi FRASER, Alexander Campbell, a Scottish meta- physician, born at Ardchattan, Argyleshire, in September, 1819. He was educated at the uni- versity of Edinburgh, and in 1846 was appoint- ed lecturer on mental philosophy in New col- lege, Edinburgh. He was editor of the " North British Review " from 1850 to 1857, when he succeeded Sir William Hamilton as professor of logic and metaphysics in the university of Edinburgh, which chair he still retains (1874). He has published "Essays in Philosophy" (1856) ; " Rational Philosophy " (1858) ; " Col- lected Edition of the Works of Bishop Berke- ley, with Dissertations and Annotations " (Ox- ford, 1871) ; and " Life and Letters of Bishop Berkeley" (Oxford, 1871). The last named work contains many of Bishop Berkeley's writings hitherto unpublished, and an account of his philosophy. Prof. Fraser has been a frequent contributor of educational, philosophi- cal, and miscellaneous papers to the "North British Review," "Macmillan's Magazine," and other periodicals. FRASER, Charles, an American artist, born in Charleston, S. 0., Aug. 20, 1782, died there, Oct. 5, 1860. At 12 or 14 years of age he was in the habit of sketching the scenery of Charles- ton and its neighborhood. At the age of 16 he became a student of law. Three years later he commenced the study of art, but becoming dis- couraged resumed his legal studies, and in 1807 was admitted to practice. He retired at the end of 11 years with a competency, and in 1818 resumed his art, giving his attention chiefly to miniature painting, in which he attained emi- nent success. He painted portraits of Lafay- ette (1825) and of a large number of distin- guished Carolinians, and also produced land- scapes, interiors, historical pieces, and pictures of genre and still life, the greater part of which are owned in South Carolina. In 1857 an ex- hibition of his collected works was opened in Charleston, numbering 313 miniatures and 139 landscapes and other pieces in oil. He was