Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VII.djvu/440

{|width="100%" under tail coverts chestnut; bill black. The female is without the black markings and chestnut collar, and her bill is brown. This is the only species indigenous in Europe, where it is found in the southern parts; it also occurs in northern Africa and the greater part of Asia. The flesh is delicate, and much esteemed in India. According to Gould, this genus seems to form a connecting link between the brilliant pheasants and tragopans of the East and the sober-colored partridges of Europe; to the splendid colors of the former it unites the form and habits of the latter.
 * 428
 * align="center"|FRANCONIA
 * align="center" width="50%"|FRANK
 * } black; sides blotched with black and white;

 FRANCONIA (Ger. Franken, or Frankenland, land of the Franks), an old duchy and afterward a circle of the German empire. In the 5th century it formed a part of the Thuringian kingdom, on its dismemberment fell to the Franks, and on the breaking up of the Carlovingian empire to Germany. In the latter empire it rose to foremost importance, and five Franconian dukes were elected emperors (Conrad I. and II., Henry III., IV., and V.). It then embraced extensive lands, chiefly between the Rhine and the Bohemian mountains, but subsequently was weakened by divisions, was broken up into small territories, and disappeared as a duchy. In 1512 Maximilian I. erected a part of it into a circle of the empire, including the ecclesiastical dominions of Würzburg, Bamberg, and Eichstädt, the principalities of Baireuth and Anspach, and the imperial cities of Nuremberg, Schweinfurt, Rothenburg, Weissenburg, and Windsheim. During and after the Napoleonic wars it was partitioned among Würtemberg, Baden, Hesse-Cassel, Saxony, and Bavaria, the last named state receiving the largest portion, and still retaining the name in the three districts of Upper, Middle, and Lower Franconia. — (Ger. Oberfranken) nearly corresponds with the former circle of Upper Main, and lies in the N. E. part of the kingdom, bordering on Bohemia and Saxony; area, 2,702 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 540,963. It is a mountain region, occupied in the east by a portion of the Fichtelgebirge, and

rich in gypsum, marble, gold, silver, lead, and iron. Agriculture and cattle raising are carried on with success. Capital, Baireuth. — (Ger. Mittelfranken) comprises that portion of territory anciently known as the circle of Rezat, and includes the former margraviate of Anspach, the bishopric of Eichstädt, and part of Baireuth; area, 2,918 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 583,417. It touches Würtemberg on the west. It is intersected by branches of the Franconian Jura, and a small portion of the mountainous district is too rough for tillage, but three fourths of the circle is in a high state of cultivation, producing the grape, tobacco, pasturage, and hops. There are few minerals, but important manufactures are carried on in most of the towns. Capital, Nuremberg. — (Ger. Unterfranken), nearly identical with the former circle of Lower Main, comprises the old bishopric of Würzburg and part of that of Fulda, with several smaller territories; area, 3,342 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 586,122. It is bounded N. E. by the Saxe duchies, E. by Upper and Middle Franconia, S. by Würtemberg and Baden, W. by Darmstadt, and N. W. by Prussia. The N. part is traversed by the Rhön mountains, and the S. W. by the Spessart. There are several extensive forests, but the plains and river bottoms are well cultivated, producing grain, potatoes, hops, and the grape. Capital, Würzburg.  FRANCONIA NOTCH. See.  FRANEKER, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Friesland, on the Trekschuyten canal, between Harlingen and Leeu warden, 10 m. W. of the latter; pop. in 1867, 6,293. In 1585 a university was established here, which long occupied a high position among the learned institutions of Europe, and counted among its professors such men as Schultens, Hemsterhuis, and Valckenaer. Napoleon I. abolished it in 1811; in 1816 an athenæum was established in its place, which was subsequently changed into a gymnasium, with which a physiological cabinet, a botanical garden, &c., are connected. The university buildings have been appropriated for an insane asylum.  '''FRANK. I. Johann Peter,''' a German physician, born at Rothalben, Baden, March 19, 1745, died in Vienna, April 24, 1821. He first studied theology, then medicine, taking his degree at Heidelberg in 1766, and after practising at Bruchsal and elsewhere, became physician to the prince-bishop of Spire. Acquiring prominence as a lecturer and in the training of midwives, he was appointed professor of physiology and medical police at Göttingen in 1784; but on account of his health he went to Italy the next year, succeeded Tissot in the chair of clinics at Pavia, was appointed sanitary inspector general of Lombardy, and introduced reforms in medical instruction and practice. The rank of councillor was conferred on him by the king of England, and later by the emperor of Austria, who employed him in 1795 for the regulation of the sanitary service of the army