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 FRANCE writers and composers of hymns, as Thomas de Oelano, the reputed author of Dies Ira, and Giacopone da Todi, the author of the Stabat Mater. St. Francis also established an order of nuns, who are generally called, from its first abbess Clara of Assisi, Poor Clares or Clarisses. Another branch were the Tertiarians or peni- tents of the third order of St. Francis, who re- mained in the world, but followed a rule and discipline similar to those of the first and sec- ond orders. They received their rule from St. Francis in 1221. This order has included many kings and queens (as Louis IX. of France, and the mother and wife of Louis XIV.) and popes among its members, Pius IX. being one. The Tertiarians afterward began to live in commu- nity and take vows, but this practice was in time abandoned. New communities of Ter- tiarians subsequently sprang up, devoted to teaching, and became independent of the pa- rent order. They have houses in Pennsylvania, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Brooklyn, N. Y. Among the communities of women, the Elizabethines, founded in 1395 by Angelina di Corbaro, are the most important. In France they were also called daughters of charity. In 1843 they had about 1,000 members ; but since then their numbers have much increased. In the United States there are establishments of sisters of the third order of St. Francis in the dioceses of Vincennes, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, and Sault Ste. Marie. The habit of the Ob- servants consists of a cowl with a pointed ca- poche, a cord as a girdle, and sandals. Its color differs in different localities. In England and Ireland it is gray, whence the name "gray friars." Some congregations let the beard grow. The Conventuals generally wear a black cowl and capoche. They also wear shoes, and are always without beards. The principal work on the Franciscans is that of the Irish Franciscan, Lucas Wadding (died in 1657). His Annales Minorum (8 vols. fol., Lyons, 1625-'48, and Rome, 1654) was continued by De Luca, Fonseca, and others. In the latest edition (24 vols. fol., Rome, 1731-1860), Wad- ding's work terminates with vol. xvi. FRANCE, Adolphe, a French philosopher of Jewish parentage, born at Liocourt, department of Meurthe, Oct. 9, 1809. He studied at Nancy and Toulouse, taught in various institutions, and since 1854 has been professor of interna- tional law at the college de France. His La Kdbbale, ou Philosophic religieuse des Hebreux (1843), was translated into German by Jellinek (1844), and he has written on penal and ec- clesiastical law and various other subjects. He edited the Dictionnaire des sciences philo- sophiques (6 vols., 1844-'52), and has contrib- uted to the Journal des Debats and to the an- nals of the academy of moral and political sci- ences, of which he is a member. Since 1805 he has been a member of the superior council of public instruction. In 1873 he resigned the office of vice president of the Hebrew consis- tory. FRANCOLIN 427 FRANCKE, August Hermann, a German preach- er, founder of the orphan house at Halle, born in Lubeck, March 23, 1663, died June 8, 1727. He studied at the universities of Erfurt, Kiel, Gotha, and Leipsic, and founded in Leipsic a school for the interpretation of the Scriptures, which attracted a great number of students. Accused of pietism, he was obliged to renounce this employment in 1691, and passed to Halle, where he taught the Greek and oriental lan- guages in the university, and also became pas- tor of the church of St. George. Here he founded a charitable institution for the educa- cation of poor children and orphans, which soon became one of the most considerable in Germany. A chemist, whom he had visited on his deathbed, bequeathed to him the recipe for compounding certain medicines, which afterward yielded an annual income of more than $20,000, and made the institution inde- pendent. It combines an orphan asylum, a pasdagogium, a Latin school, a German school, and a printing press for issuing cheap copies of the Bible. It now contains 800 inmates. FRANCOIS. I. Jean Charles, a French engraver, born in Nancy in 1717, died in Paris in 1769. He was among the first to introduce engravings representing crayon and chalk drawings, and was pensioned by Louis XV., who employed him extensively. His best known works rep- resent that king and his queen, Bayle, Eras- mus, Locke, and Malebranche. II. Charles Remy Jules, a French engraver, born in Paris, Dec. 24, 1809. He early produced, after the man- ner of his master Henriquel-Dupont, admira- ble engravings of pictures by Vandyke and Ra- phael, and subsequently was exclusively em- ployed in reproducing the paintings of Dela- roche. He has resided in Brussels since 1858. His brother ALPHONSE, born in Paris in 1811, excels in the same branch of art. FRANCOLIN, a gallinaceous bird of the grouse family, subfamily perdicince or partridges, and genus francolinus (Steph.). There are about 30 species found in the warm parts of the eastern hemisphere, especially in Africa ; some prefer open plains, where they roost in trees, and others woody places ; when alarmed, they conceal themselves in the brushwood, or run- with considerable speed, taking wing only when hard pressed; their food consists of bulbous roots, grains, and insects, and they feed in early morning and at evening. The bill is longer than in the common partridge ; the wings are moderate and rounded, the third, fourth, and fifth quills the longest ; the tarsi are strong and spurred ; the feet four-toed. The francolin of Europe (F. vulgaris, Steph.), in the male, has the plumage of a general yellowish brown color, each feather with a dark centre ; the ear cov- erts white ; circle round the eyes, cheeks, and sides of head, and the throat, deep black, be- low which is a broad chestnut collar extending around the neck ; the rump and tail white barred with black, the outer feather of the latter entirely black ; breast and lower parts