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 324 FORSTE FORSTER attached with Karsten Niebuhr to the scientific expedition sent to Egypt and Arabia by the king of Denmark. He set out in 1761, and during two years preceding his death by the plague collected materials for three important works descriptive of the fauna and flora of the East, which were published under the editorial car of Niebuhr. FORSTE, a town of Brandenburg, Prussia, on an island in the Neisse, 44 m. B. by E. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder ; pop. in 1871, 7,950. It consists of the town proper and two suburbs; has a castle and two Protestant churches, con- siderable manufactures, and a trade in flax, horses, and cattle. There are six annual fairs. FORSTER. I. Ernst Joachim, a German painter and writer upon art, born at Mtinchengossen- stadt, Bavaria, April 8, 1800. He studied the- ology, philosophy, and philology at Jena and Berlin, but afterward devoted himself to paint- ing, and in 1823 became the pupil of Cornelius at Munich. He was employed in painting fres- coes in the Aula at Bonn and in the Glyptothek and arcades at Munich till 1826, when he visited Italy. At Pisa, Bologna, and other cities he collected interesting materials for a history of Italian art, and at Padua in 1837 discovered and restored the frescoes in the chapel of St. George. He made a valuable collection of de- signs by the old masters, prepared guide books for Italy and Germany, and wrote numerous works, the most important being on the history of art. Among these are : Geschichte der deu- tschen Kunst (5 vols., Leipsic, 1851-'59); Vor- schule zur Eunstgeschichte (1862) ; Derikmale der deutschen Baulcunst, Bildnerei und Malerei (9 vols., 1855-'65); Raphael (2 vols., 1869); and Geschichte der italienischen Kunst (2 vols., 1870). He also edited several of the works of Jean Paul Richter, and wrote Wahrheit aus Jean Paul's Leben, and Denlcwurdigkeiten aus dem Leben Jean PauVs (Munich, 1863). II. Friedrich, a German historian, brother of the preceding, born Sept. 24, 1791, died in Berlin, Nov. 8, 1868. On leaving the university of Jena in 1813, he joined, with his friend the poet Kor- ner, in the war of independence against France, composed stirring war songs, and rose to be captain. Subsequently he was professor at the school of artillery and engineering in Ber- lin till 1817, when he was removed by the gov- ernment, to which some of his writings gave umbrage, and he found himself likewise ham- pered in his functions as adjunct professor at the university. He soon became connected with prominent literary journals, visited Italy with his brother, and received in 1829 an ap- pointment at the royal museum, with the title of court councillor. He published poems, nov- els, plays, and a continuation of Chamisso's Peter Schlemihl, entitled Peter SchlemihVs Heimleehr (2 vols., Berlin, 1849). His most popular historical works relate to Wallenstein, Columbus, and especially to Frederick the Great, and include Geschichte der Befreiungs- Jcriege 1813, 1814 und 1815 (3 vols., 7th ed., Berlin, 1865), and Neuere preussische und deutsche Geschichte (2 vols., 5th ed., 1867-'9). FORSTER, George, an English traveller, died in Nagpoor in 1792. He was in the service of the East India company, and in 1782 under- took an overland journey from India to Russia. Disguised as a Mussulman merchant, and able to speak Hindoo, Persian, and the Mahratta dialect with facility, he set out from Lucknow, travelling northward by Ferozabad and Ram- poor into the upper regions of the Punjaub. He then proceeded by Bellaspoor and Jambo through the vale of Cashmere, which had been visited before by no European traveller except Bernier. He passed by Cabool, Candahar, and Herat, to the southern coast of the Caspian sea, and travelled thence through Russia, ar- riving in England in 1784. After publishing " Sketches of the Mythology and Customs of the Hindoos" (London, 1785), he returned to Calcutta, where in 1790 appeared the first vol- ume of his " Journey from Bengal to England," &c. It was republished in London in 1798, together with the second volume, which was printed from his manuscript. On the breaking out of hostilities with Tippoo Saib, Forster was sent on a mission to the Mahratta court of Nagpoor, where he died. F&RSTER, Heinrich, a German pulpit orator of the Roman Catholic church, born in Glo- gau, Prussian Silesia, Nov. 24, 1800. He stud- ied theology in Breslau, was ordained as priest in 1825, appointed canon of the cathedral in 1837, afterward inspector of the theological seminary and preacher at the cathedral. He opposed with great zeal the influence of Ronge ? became in 1 848 a member of the Frankfort par- liament, attended in the same year the synod of the German bishops at Wtirzburg, and was made in 1853 prince-bishop of Breslau. As an aifthor he made himself popular by his Lebens- Uld Diepenbroctfs (2d ed., Breslau, 1859), and several other works. FORSTER. I. Jo ha ii H Rein hold, a German traveller and naturalist, born in Dirschau, Prussia, Oct. 22, 1729, died in Halle, Dec. 9, 1798. He was descended from an exiled Scot- tish border family, was educated at Halle and Dantzic for the clerical profession, and in 1753 became pastor at Nassenhuben, near Dantzic, but devoted himself especially to the study of mathematics, philosophy, and geography. In 1765 he went with his son Johann Georg as an agent of the Russian government to investigate the condition of the colony at Saratov in south- ern Russia, and in the following year repaired to London. He was for a time professor of natural history and of the French and German languages at Warrington, in Lancashire, and in 1772 accompanied Capt. Cook on his second voyage to the south seas, being engaged as naturalist of the expedition. After his return he published his botanical observations in a special work (London, 1776), and also " Ob- servations made during a Voyage round the World on Physical Geography, Natural His-