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 122 FENELOIST line (the stock of the musket grasped by the right hand and the barrel steadied by the left) should be straight forward; any attempt to parry by leverage right or left would only cause a point to glance from one man into some other. The foot soldier isolated can parry head or body cuts and thrusts from sabre or lance, and can riposte by jerking forward or right or left the point, striking the horse if he miss the rider. Certain modern bayonets used for the rifle corps are very long, with a view to compensate in a measure for the short- ness of the firearms at the end of which they are fixed. Such bayonets have besides their point an edge wherewith to cut. The lance is utterly worthless, except for cavalry, by whom it can be most efficiently employed in pursuing a routed foe; its use as a fencing weapon, therefore, requires little explanation. The knife or dagger requires quickness of hand and eye. The blow can be given by striking down- ward, straight forward, or upward ; in the two latter cases the weapon is shifted from the ordinary grasp of the handle, so that the pom- mel rests in the palm of the hand and the stab is given with ease and force. The Spanish colonists employ their hats held in their left hands as shields, and also to, mask the attack, concealing the knife behind the hat. The stick is a formidable weapon used to inflict'blows, as with the broadsword ; the ferrule end can as a point be most effectually driven into the face of an adversary. The quarterstaff is out of use ; it was held in the middle and used not only in striking but in thrusting, when one end was suddenly driven forward like a bayonet. In 1536 Marozzo of Venice published the first work on the subject. Other works are : Thi- bault, Academic de Vepee (Paris, 1628) ; Meyer, Kunst des Fechtens (1670) ; La Boissiere IJArt des armes (Paris, 1815) ; Otto, System der Fechtkunst (Olmiitz 1852); Linsingen, Hand- ~buch des BajonnetfecJitens (Hanover, 1854); J. Hewitt, " Ancient Armors and Weapons in Europe" (Oxford, 1855); G. B. McOlellan, " Manual of Bayonet Exercise " (Philadelphia, 1856); G. Patten, "Infantry Drill and Sabre Exercise " (New York, 1861). FENELON, Bertrand de Salignac, marquis de la Mothe, a French diplomatist, died in 1589. After having served with distinction in the army, he was ambassador to England at the time of the massacre of St. Bartholomew, and was charged by Charles IX. to endeavor to ap- pease the resentment of Elizabeth. The most important of his numerous writings are : Me- moires touchant V Angleterre et la Suisse, ou Sommaire de la negotiation en 1571 ; Nego- tiations de la Mothe Fenelon et de Michel, sieur de Mauvissiere, en Angleterre, containing some curious correspondence between Catharine de' Medici and her son Charles IX. relating to Queen Elizabeth, Mary queen of Scots, and the massacre of St. Bartholomew ; and Depeches de M. de la Mothe Fenelon. These were pub- lished in theMemoires of Castelnau. FENELON. I. Francois de Salignac de la Mothe, or Lamotte, a French prelate and author, born at the chateau of Fenelon, in Perigord, Aug. 6, 1651, died in Cambrai, Jan. 7, 1715. He was the son of Pons de Salignac, count de la Mothe Fenelon, and a 'nephew of the marquis de Fenelon, under whose care he received much of his education. At the age of 12 he was sent to the university of Cahors, and a few years later he removed to Paris in order to complete his course of philosophy in the college of Plessis. He next entered the theological seminary of St. Sulpice, under the direction of the abb6 Tronson, and about 1675 received holy orders. He wished at first to devote himself to foreign missions, but this design was overruled ; and after three years passed as a preacher and cate- chist at the church of St. Sulpice, he was ap- pointed by the archbishop of Paris superior of the society of Nouvelles Catholiques, estab- lished for the instruction of female converts. Meanwhile he cultivated the friendship of the abbe" Fleury and of Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, and was a frequent guest at the brilliant re- unions which took place at the bishop's coun- try seat. The distinguished society into which he was thus thrown, the charm of his manners, and his eloquence in the pulpit, soon drew him into public notice. To enable him to meet his expenses, one of his uncles, the bishop of Sar- lat, gave him a small living at which he was not required to reside permanently. It yielded him 3,000 francs a year, much of which he spent upon the poor, and this until 1694 was his only income. His first public service was in the capacity of missionary to the Protestants in Saintonge and Poitou, after the revocation of the edict of Nantes. He was presented to Louis XIV. by Bossuet, and the only favor he asked of the king in accepting the office was that no violence should be used within the field of his mission. Aided by the abbes de Lan- geron and Fleury, but still more by his own mild and amiable character, he succeeded in winning over large numbers of the Protestants, and soon tranquillized a population whom per- secution had roused to a dangerous excitement. After his return to Paris in 1 689 Louis appointed him preceptor to his grandsons, the dukes of Burgundy, Anjou, and Berry. For their use Fenelon composed "Dialogues of the Dead," "Directions for the Conscience of a King," " Abridgment of the Lives of Ancient Philoso- phers," and the "Adventures of Telemachus." The success with which he discharged his im- portant and delicate trust gained him for some time neither praise nor pecuniary reward. Louis, though not blind to his merit, was never his friend ; but Mme. de Maintenon had long been one of his warmest admirers, and it was probably through her influence that he received in 1 694 the rich abbacy of St. Valery. Toward the close of this year he drafted the famous anonymous letter to the king, setting forth the disorders and abuses of his reign, which was first published by D'Alembert, and whose au-