Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VI.djvu/811

 EUTERPE skirmish. One mile from the British camp a body of infantry was encountered, which soon fell back. The action became general soon after 9 o'clock, and after a sharp contest the British were driven from their camp. The American soldiers had scattered among the tents of the enemy, plundering and drinking, when Stuart suddenly renewed the battle. Greene withdrew his troops out of range, de- ciding, as the enemy could maintain themselves but a short time, to wait and attack them on their retreat. During the night the British retreated toward Charleston; and the next day Greene advanced and took possession of the battle field, and sent detachments in pur- suit of them. The British lost 133 killed and wounded, and 500 prisoners. The American loss was 535 in killed, wounded, and missing. EUTERPE (Gr. ev, well, and rp7rea>, to de- light), the inspirer of delight, one of the nine muses, daughter of Zeus and Mnemosyne (mem- ory). She presided over lyric poetry, and played on the flute, of which she was the in- ventor ; according to some, she also invented tragedy, which is more generally attributed to her sister Melpomene. She is usually repre- sented as a virgin, crowned with flowers, with a flute in her hand, or various musical instru- ments around her, and sometimes as dancing. EUTYCHES, a heresiarch. of the 5th century, born about 380, died about 454. For many years he lived as a priest and archimandrite in the cloisters of Constantinople, where he had more than 300 monks under his direction. He was the head of the party opposed to Nestorius, who, in order not to confound the divine and human natures in Christ, had affirmed that there were in him two distinct persons. Euty- ches, in his zeal for singleness of person in Christ, was led to maintain also that he pos- sessed but one nature; whence his followers were called Monophysites. This opinion be- came popular in the Alexandrian church, where the doctrines of Nestoriushad been most loudly condemned. The rising heresy was examined and condemned by a synod at Constantinople in 448. The influence of Eutyches and his friends obtained from Theodosius II. the reference of the matter to a general council to meet at Ephesus in 449 under the presidency of Dios- corus, a violent Eutychian. Here the triumph of Eutyches was secured by the outcries of monks, the threats of soldiers, and the over- bearing violence of the president; and the most prominent hostile bishops were deposed. Pope Leo refused to recognize the acts of ^this council, which was known as the Latrocinium, or robber synod, and excommunicated Dios- corus; and at the general council of Chalce- don, in 451, both the doctrines of Nestorius and of Eutyches were condemned. In ^the 6th century a great revival of the doctrine took place under the auspices of the monk Jacob BaradaBus, who died bishop of Edessa. From him the sect took the name of Jacobites, who still constitute a numerous church in Egypt, EVALD 791 Syria, and Abyssinia. The emperor Heraclius sought to mediate between the Monophysites and Catholics, and promulgated a decree in 630, requiring the doctrine to be taught that there were two natures in Christ, but only a single will. Hence the name of Monothelites, the last offshoot of the heresy of Eutyches EUXINE SEA. See BLACK SEA. EVA60RAS, king of Salamis in Cyprus, died about 374 B. C. His family claimed descent from Teucer, the reputed founder of Salamis, and had long held the sovereignty of that city, till expelled by a Phoenician exile. Eva- goras recovered the kingdom in 410, and en- deavored to restore in it the Hellenic customs and civilization, which had almost disappeared under the long domination of barbarians. He gave a friendly reception to the Athenian gen- eral Conon, after the defeat at ^Egospotamos; it was by his intercession that the king of Per- sia permitted the Phoenician fleet to aid Conon ; and he himself commanded the Cypriote squad- ron which joined Conon and Pharnabazus at the battle of Cnidus (394). For these services a statue was erected to him at Athens in the Ceramicus, by the side of that of Conon. His increasing power attracted the jealousy of the Persian king Artaxerxes II., who declared war against him. Evagoras immediately extended his power over almost the whole of Cyprus, ravaged the coasts of Phoenicia, excited the Cilicians to revolt, and even captured the city of Tyre ; but a Persian army, landing in Cy- prus, recaptured the island and besieged Eva- goras in his capital. He was saved only by the dissensions of his enemies, and concluded in 385 a peace by which the sovereignty of Sala- mis was secured to him. He survived this treaty ten years, aid died by assassination. EVAGRRS, a Syrian church historian, born about 536, died in Constantinople, probably early in the 7th century. He was an eminent lawyer in Antioch, but devoted much of his time to scholastic labors, and wrote in Greek an ecclesiastical history, in continuation of pre- vious works by other authors, extending from 431 to 593, which is recognized as a high au- thority. The best edition is by Eeading (3 vols., Cambridge, 1720). Meredith Hanmer furnished an English translation with a biogra- phy of Evagrius to Bagster's "Ecclesiastical Historians," subsequently included in Bohn's " Ecclesiastical Library " (London, 1851). EVALD, or Ewald, Johannes, a Danish poet, born in Copenhagen, Nov. 18, 1743, died there, March 17, 1781. He early displayed his love of adventure by an attempt to go to sea, and afterward entered the army of Frederick the Great, which he immediately abandoned, join- ing that of Austria ; but he was induced to return to Copenhagen, where he studied the- ology, and passed his examination in 1762. Disappointed in love, he devoted himself to literature. His first composition, " The Tem- ple of Fortune, a Vision," was followed in 1766 by a poem on the death of Frederick