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 EUMENES valuable works were composed after his loss of sight ; among them, his " Elements of Alge- bra" and "New Theory of the Motions of the Moon." In more than 50 years of incessant labor he composed 30 separate works, chief- ly in Latin, and more than TOO memoirs or treatises. The whole could not be contained in less than 40 large 4to volumes, and em- brace every existing branch of mathematics, and almost every conceivable application of them. To Euler belongs the credit of improv- ing the analytic method, according to the sys- tem of Leibnitz and the Bernoullis, and of uni- formly applying it to scientific investigations. Nor was he less remarkable for his popular expositions of the principles of his favorite science. His " Letters to a German Princess," which have been translated into English, and several times reprinted, throw a clear light on the most important facts in mechanics, optics, acoustics, and physical astronomy, and, though to some degree superseded by the progress of modern discovery, will always remain a model of perspicuous statement and felicitous illus- tration. His " Introduction to Algebra," trans- lated by Prof. Farrar of Harvard college as preliminary to the Cambridge course of mathe- matics, has never been surpassed for its lucid and attractive mode of presenting the elements of that science. Euler was a man of simple, reserved, and benevolent mind, with a strong devotional sense and religious habit. He un- dertook to prove the immateriality of the soul, and had the courage to defend revelation at the court of Frederick II. He was twice mar- ried, his second wife being the aunt of his first, and had 13 children, only four of whom sur- vived him. The eldest son was his assistant and successor at St. Petersburg, and the second was physician to Catharine II. EUMENES, a general of Alexander the Great, and one of his successors, born at Cardia, in the Thracian Chersonese, about 360 B. 0., put to death in Gabiene, Elymais, in 316. He at- tracted the notice of Philip of Macedon, who made him his private secretary, and he held the same office under Alexander. When Al- exander married the daughter of Darius, he gave to Eumenes Artonis, daughter of Arta- banus. lie was at enmity with Alexander's friend Hephaestion, yet maintained his influ- ence, and was ultimately appointed a com- mander of the cavalry. After the death of Alexander, he at first took no part in the dis- cussions of the Macedonian generals, knowing their jealousy of his Greek birth ; but subse- quently he reconciled the opposing parties, and in the division of the satrapies obtained the government of Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, and Pontus. These provinces had never been con- quered, and Antigonus and Leonnatus were ap- pointed to reduce them for him. Antigonus disdained compliance, and Leonnatus went to Greece to carry out plans of personal ambi- tion, having tried to persuade Eumenes to join with him. Eumenes, however, exposed the EUNAPIUS 775 schemes of Leonnatus to Perdiccas, and the latter subdued his provinces for him, and gave him the chief command in Asia. Eumenes now subdued Neoptolemus, who had revolted trom him, and defended Asia Minor against Craterus in a decisive battle (321), in which the latter fell. Perdiccas having fallen in a revolt of his own troops, a general assembly of the Macedonian army condemned Eumenes to death. Antigonus marched against him, defeated him in Cappadocia (320), and block- aded him in the fortress of Nora. The death of Antipater changed the aspect of parties, and Antigonus sought the alliance of Eumenes; but the latter, having been allowed to leave his mountain fortress, accepted overtures of- fering him by royal authority the supreme command in Asia. Eluding Antigonus, he joined the army in Cilicia, and to avoid the jealousy of the generals set up in a tent the throne, crown, and sceptre of Alexander, be- fore which the councils of war were held, as though in the presence of the deceased mon- arch. He advanced into Phoenicia, but retired before the combined fleet and army of Anti- gonus, and took up winter quarters in Babylo- nia. The armies subsequently met on the con- fines of Gabiene in two pitched battles, with no decisive result ; but Eumenes was sold by his own troops to Antigonus, who slew him. EUMEMDES (called also Erinnyes, and by the Romans Furiae and Dine), the avenging goddesses of the Greek mythology, daughters of Night, and tormentors of the wicked both in the upper and the lower world. The Greeks dreaded to call them by an appropriate name, and therefore addressed them euphemistically as the Eumenides, or gracious goddesses. They seem to have been originally a personification of the curses pronounced upon a criminal, and are represented by Homer as resting in the depths of Tartarus till the condemnation of some person for violated pious or hospitable duties wakes them into life and activity. They then pursue the offender with the relentless- ness of fate, chasing him from place to place, allowing him no peace nor rest, moved by no supplications, and supported by the goddess of justice, whose ministers they are. As de- scribed by ^Eschylus, snakes instead of hair enveloped their heads, their eyes were bloody, their faces black and full of hatefulness, and they bore torches and daggers in their fleshless hands. In the later poets wings were added, and their number was reduced from an indefi- nite, number to three, bearing the names of Tisiphone, Alecto, and Megaara. The terrific drama of ^Eschylus entitled "Eumenides" is said to have frightened several Athenian mat- rons into premature labor, and in subsequent representations upon the stage and in art their appearance was greatly softened down. EOfAPIUS, a Greek sophist, physician, and biographer, born in Sardis, Lydia, A. D. 347, died about 420. He was an adversary of Chris- tianity, and an enthusiastic admirer of the em-