Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VI.djvu/789

 EUGENIE hostile cannon he ever heard, at Philippsburg, were the last heard by Eugene. Frederick pro- nounced his commander to be only u the shad- ow of the great Eugene." Nearly two years later Eugene was found dead in his bed one morning, after having played piquet the previ- ous evening. His funeral was one of the most magnificent ever known, 16 field marshals car- rying the coffin, and the emperor attending as a private mourner. He was never married. EUGENIE, empress of France. See BONA- PARTE, vol. iii., p. 55. EITGENIUS, the name of four popes. I, Saint, born in Rome, died there, June 2, 657. After the banishment of Martin I. in 653, Eugenius was chosen to govern the church as vicar gen- eral, and in September, 654, pope, with the consent of Martin, who died in the following year. He labored in vain, like his predeces- sor, to end the Monothelite controversy. II. Born in Rome, died there, Aug. 27, 827. His election, in February, 824, gave rise to a schism that was quelled by the arrival in Rome of Lothaire, son of Louis le Debon- naire. This prince, conjointly with the pope, purified the administration of justice, and cor- rected many inveterate abuses. A council was convened for the reform of church discipline, which, among other enactments, enjoined on all who had charge of souls to expound the Scriptures to the people and instruct them in all their Christian duties. Eugenius also adopted wise measures for preventing scarcity of food and providing for the sick and poor, whence he was called " father of the people." Some writers have affirmed that he approved of the ordeal by water. III. Bernardo Paganelli, born in Montemago, near Pisa, about 1100, died in Tivoli, July 8, 1153. He belonged at first to the order of Cluny, became afterward a fol- lower of St. Bernard, and was by him appointed abbot of the Cistercian monastery of the Three Fountains in Rome. On his accession to the papacy, in February, 1145, he found Rome un- der the government of a senate, with a president bearing the title of patricius. Lucius II. had been killed while attempting to put down a revolt ; and Eugenius, unwilling to sanction the new order of things, left Rome, called on the Ti- burtines for aid, and restored for a time his own authority. He then proceeded to France and Germany for the purpose of organizing the second crusade ; held councils in Paris, Rheims, and Treves ; visited Clairvaux, where he had been a monk; and in 1149 returned to Italy. The Romans, who during his absence had again established a republic, were forced to submit to the pope through fear of the king of Sicily. Eugenius reentered Rome, but was driven out after a short time, and spent the remainder of his life in Tivoli. The present division of Ireland into four ecclesiastical provinces is due to this pontiff. It was by his direction that Gratian published the body of canon law called Decretum ; and at Gratian's suggestion he instituted the academic degrees of bachelor, EUGENIUS 773 licentiate or master, and doctor, to which he attached many privileges. IV. Gabriele Condnl- mero, or de' Condulmcri, born in Venice in 1383 died in Rome, Feb. 23, 1447. His mother was sister to Gregory XII. Gabriele after his fa- ther's death distributed 25,000 ducats among the poor, and became a canon in the Celestine congregation of San Giorgio in Alga. On the elevation of Gregory XII. he was induced to go to Rome, where his uncle made him successive- ly chamberlain, bishop of Siena, and cardinal. Martin V. employed him in many important offices, and made him legate (governor) of the marches and Bologna. He was elected pope on the very day appointed by his predecessor for the opening of the oecumenical council of Basel, March 3, 1431. The counsels of the Orsini faction immediately involved him in a quarrel with their hereditary rivals, the Colonnas, the family of Martin V. The civil war which en- sued was quelled for a time by the inter- position of the emperor Sigismund, and the active support of the Florentines and Vene- tians. This led him to form an alliance with Venice and Florence against Filippo Maria Visconti, duke of Milan, and his father-in-law Alfonso the Wise of Aragon, both of whom thus became almost his lifelong enemies. The Colonnas, though reduced to temporary sub- mission, were powerfully aided by the Vis- conti; and their attacks and intrigues were followed up so perseveringly, that the Romans rose against Eugenius in 1434, and compelled him to fly in disguise to Florence. The coun- cil of Basel had been convened primarily for the double purpose of reforming the western clergy and healing the Hussite schism, and secondarily for bringing about a reconcilia- tion with the eastern churches. The emperor Sigismund, with all the western princes and prelates, considered the former object as the only one of urgent importance, and approved of Basel for the meeting of the council. The pope, the Greek emperor and his prelates, and the Italian bishops were chiefly anxious for the reunion of the churches, and desired that the council should be held in an Italian city. The small number of prelates present in Basel throughout the year 1431, and some erroneous information given to the pope by a messenger from the council, induced him on Nov. 12 to write to Cardinal Cesarini, the president of the council, ordering him to dissolve it, and to pro- claim the indiction of a new council in Bologna for 1433. Cesarini, who had just returned (October, 1431) from Bohemia, where he had witnessed the disgraceful rout of 100,000 im- perial troops by Procopius and his Hussites, remonstrated energetically. The council and the emperor had at his suggestion sent a press- ing invitation to the Hussite leaders to come to Basel. The change ordered by the pope would destroy the last hope of ending the dreadful religious war which now threatened to devas- tate all Germany. This opposition of Cesarini was shared by the emperor, by all the western