Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume VI.djvu/772

756 All varieties are connected by numberless forms of transition, and it is impossible to settle beyond all dispute what is genus, and what species; what race, and what variety. Blumenbach's classification, given above, dividing mankind into five races, has been abandoned, because the difference between them is too great. Queinstedt remarks: “If negroes and Caucasians were snails instead of human beings, all zoölogists would agree in classifying them as two different species.” The races are generally distinguished either according to the character of the hair, the color of the skin, the form of the skull, or the convolutions of the brain. The latest results arrived at through the measurements and weighings of the brain will be found in the works of Fritsch, Hitzig, and Meynert. It is believed that in the development of the brain, especially of the frontal lobe, may be retraced the history of man, and that skulls of primitive man furnish a clue to the intellectual spirit of primitive ages. This subject is fully treated in Schaafhausen's Ueber die Urform des menschlichen Schädels (Bonn,

1868). The form of the skulls of the first inhabitants of Europe is ably discussed by Virchow, in his work Die altnordischen Schädel zu Copenhagen (1871). Mankind is divided after the shape of the skull into long-headed (dolicocephali) and short-headed (brachycephali); the negroes and Australians are the strongest types of the former, and the Mongolians of the latter. Between these two extremes are placed the medium-headed (mesocephali), as the Americans. In each of these three divisions are further distinguished the prognathi, or those having oblique teeth on account of the projection of the jaws; and the orthognathi, or those having straight teeth because their jaws project but little. It seems, however, that the labors of the last ten years in measuring and investigating the forms of skulls have not been sufficiently rewarded. A more satisfactory classification is obtained from the character of the hair of the head, which seems to be strictly preserved in each race. The classification made on this basis, combined with the latest results of linguistic research, is given as follows:

{|align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%" rules="cols" OF HAIR. from the number in millions. language. development.
 * colspan="8" style="border-bottom-style: solid"|
 * align="center"| CHARACTER
 * align="center"| CHARACTER
 * align="center"|Species.
 * align="center"|Race.
 * align="center"|Habitat.
 * align="center"|Came
 * align="center"|Present
 * align="center"| Origin of
 * align="center"|State of
 * colspan="8"|Ulotriches (wooly).
 * colspan="8"|Lophocomi (in tufts).
 * rowspan="4"|
 * rowspan="4"|
 * &ensp;1. Negritos
 * Malacca, Philippines
 * West
 * rowspan="4"|
 * rowspan="4"| Single
 * rowspan="4"| Retrograde.
 * &ensp;2. Papuans
 * Papua
 * West
 * &ensp;3. Melanese
 * Melanesia
 * Northwest
 * &ensp;4. Tasmanians
 * Tasmania
 * Northeast
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="2"|
 * &ensp;5. Hottentots
 * Capeland
 * Northeast
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="2"| Single
 * rowspan="2"| Retrograde.
 * &ensp;6. Bushmen
 * Capeland
 * Northeast
 * colspan="8"|Eriocomi (fleecy).
 * rowspan="3"|
 * rowspan="3"|
 * &ensp;7. Zooloo Caffres
 * East South Africa
 * North
 * rowspan="3"|
 * rowspan="3"| Single
 * rowspan="3"| Progressive.
 * &ensp;8. Bechuanas
 * Central South Africa
 * Northeast
 * &ensp;9. Congo Caffres
 * West South Africa
 * East
 * rowspan="4"|
 * rowspan="4"|
 * 10. Tibboo negroes
 * Tibboo
 * Southeast
 * rowspan="4"|
 * rowspan="4"| Plural
 * rowspan="4"| Progressive.
 * 11. Soodan negroes
 * Soodan
 * East
 * 12. Senegambians
 * Senegambia
 * East
 * 13. Nigritians
 * Nigritia
 * East
 * colspan="8"|Lissotriches (smooth).
 * colspan="8"|Euthycomi (straight).
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="2"|
 * 14. North Australians
 * North Australia
 * North
 * rowspan="2"|
 * Tibboo
 * Southeast
 * rowspan="4"|
 * rowspan="4"| Plural
 * rowspan="4"| Progressive.
 * 11. Soodan negroes
 * Soodan
 * East
 * 12. Senegambians
 * Senegambia
 * East
 * 13. Nigritians
 * Nigritia
 * East
 * colspan="8"|Lissotriches (smooth).
 * colspan="8"|Euthycomi (straight).
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="2"|
 * 14. North Australians
 * North Australia
 * North
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="2"|
 * 14. North Australians
 * North Australia
 * North
 * rowspan="2"|

Hungary
 * rowspan="2"| Single
 * rowspan="2"| Retrograde.
 * 15. South Australians
 * South Australia
 * North
 * rowspan="3"|
 * rowspan="3"|
 * 16. Sundanese
 * Sunda Archipelago
 * West
 * rowspan="3"|
 * rowspan="3"| Single
 * rowspan="3"| Stationary.
 * 17. Polynesians
 * Pacific Archipelago
 * West
 * 18. Madagascans
 * Madagascar
 * East
 * rowspan="4"|
 * rowspan="4"|
 * 19. Indo-Chinese
 * Thibet, China
 * South
 * rowspan="4"|
 * rowspan="4"| Single?
 * rowspan="4"| Progressive.
 * 20. Coreo-Japanese
 * Corea, Japan
 * Southwest
 * 21. Altaians
 * Central Asia, N'th Asia
 * South
 * valign="top"| 22. Uralians
 * N. W. Asia, N. Europe,
 * Southwest
 * 21. Altaians
 * Central Asia, N'th Asia
 * South
 * valign="top"| 22. Uralians
 * N. W. Asia, N. Europe,
 * valign="top"| 22. Uralians
 * N. W. Asia, N. Europe,
 * valign="bottom"| Southeast
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="2"|
 * 23. Hyperboreans
 * N. N. E. Asia
 * Southwest
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="2"| Plural?
 * rowspan="2"| Stationary.
 * 24. Esquimaux
 * N. N. E. America
 * West
 * rowspan="4"|
 * rowspan="4"|
 * 25. North Americans
 * North America
 * Northwest
 * rowspan="4"|
 * rowspan="4"| Single?
 * rowspan="4"| Retrograde.
 * 26. Central Americans
 * Central America
 * North
 * 27. South Americans
 * South America
 * North
 * 28. Patagonians
 * Patagonia
 * North
 * colspan="8"|Euplocomi (curly).
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="2"|
 * 29. Deccanese
 * India
 * East?
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="2"| Single
 * rowspan="2"| Stationary.
 * 30. Singalese
 * Ceylon
 * North?
 * rowspan="3"|
 * rowspan="3"|
 * 31. Shangallas
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="2"| East
 * rowspan="3"|
 * rowspan="3"| Single?
 * rowspan="3"| Stationary.
 * 32. Dongolese
 * 33. Foolahs
 * Foolah
 * East
 * rowspan="4"|
 * rowspan="4"|
 * 34. Caucasians
 * Caucasus
 * Southeast
 * rowspan="4"|
 * 32. Dongolese
 * 33. Foolahs
 * Foolah
 * East
 * rowspan="4"|
 * rowspan="4"|
 * 34. Caucasians
 * Caucasus
 * Southeast
 * rowspan="4"|
 * Caucasus
 * Southeast
 * rowspan="4"|

America and Asia
 * rowspan="4"| Plural
 * rowspan="4"| Progressive.
 * 35. Basques
 * N. N. E. Spain
 * South?
 * 36. Semites
 * Arabia, N'th Africa, &c.
 * East
 * 37. Indo-Europeans
 * S. W. Asia, Europe, &c.
 * Southeast
 * valign="top" align="center"|Half Breeds
 * Everywhere; principally
 * Southeast
 * valign="top" align="center"|Half Breeds
 * Everywhere; principally
 * valign="top" align="center"|Half Breeds
 * Everywhere; principally
 * Everywhere; principally
 * valign="bottom"|11
 * valign="bottom"| Plural
 * valign="bottom"| Progressive.
 * colspan="8" style="border-top-style: solid"|
 * }
 * colspan="8" style="border-top-style: solid"|
 * }

—In order to gain a clear view of the geographical distribution of mankind, it is necessary to go back three or four centuries to the time of the discovery of America and of the Indian archipelago, when the present extensive mingling of species, and especially the

general invasion of the Indo-European races, were not so far advanced. In the following rapid survey of the human races copious references have been made to the latest works of travel. Our space does not permit us to give in detail the customs and morals of each;